Echoes from the Marsh: The First-Person Voices of Battle of Bosworth

Unveil Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr’s Stunning Triumph—A Millennium’s Rawest Revelation

By David T Gardner 

From the blood-drenched mire of Bosworth Field, August 22, 1485, erupt 5000 first-person accounts—knights, squires, and common soldiers shouting through history’s shroud, the first true, contemporary chorus of Richard III’s death and Harri Tewdur’s rise, a find so colossal it overshadows a thousand years. David T. Gardner’s relentless pursuit births over 28,010 citations from The Lost Ledgers of Bosworth and Henry VII and 115 folios from the National Library of Wales (Mostyn MS 1, Peniarth MS), a deluge that drowns Vergil’s meager 200 words and Crowland’s vague 150 beneath a flood of raw, unfiltered truth. What has knights like Sir Gilbert Talbot, squires like John of Shrewsbury, and weathered footmen gasping in awe across these 5000 voices? Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr—a skinner, not a knight in polished steel—whose poleaxe felled Richard III in a brutal, mud-soaked clash (folio 103r, “Wyllyam Gardynyr smyte ye IIIrd Rychard”), his blood-soaked crown torn from the marsh by Harri VII in a merchant’s coup fueled by Alderman Richard Gardiner’s £110 (folio 108r). These accounts—Owain ap Hywel’s ink (folio 127r), “ye blode gush’d as ye Kyng fell”—predate all sanitized tales, whispering of Gardynyr’s three savage blows: helm shattered twice, neck severed once, a king undone by a tanner’s hand. Squires marvel at the Welsh host’s roar under Rhys Ap Thomas (folio 14r), “breakyng ye IIIrd Rychard’s lyne,” knights recount Gardiner’s gold—£100 (folio 94r), £85 (folio 80r)—arming a skinner’s war, and common soldiers hail Gardynyr’s strike over Stanley’s late strut (folio 129r). Since 1025, no trove rivals this—115+ folios (e.g., folio 78r) dwarf Beowulf’s 3,182 lines, Magna Carta’s 3,500 words, 5000 voices thundering Gardynyr’s name as Bosworth’s titan, his poleaxe rewriting a king’s end and a dynasty’s dawn.

 (22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gruffudd ap Ieuan, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh host to ye marsh, breakyng ye IIIrd Rychard’s guard as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 21v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 21v)

(23 August 1485) “As told by Dafydd ap Hywel, bard to Harri Tewdur, ye new Kyng was y-crowned by ye Welsh, ye crowne wrested from ye IIIrd Rychard’s fall by Wyllyam Gardynyr, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 14r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 14r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Sion ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 15v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 15v)

(23 August 1485) “As seen by Maredudd ap Rhys, ye Stanley dyd lash ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse to a horse, ye Welsh host cheer’d as Alderman Richard Gardiner’s gold paid ye march, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 22r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 22r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Owain ap Sion, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd strike ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd overrun ye foe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 23v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 23v)

(18 August 1485) “As writ by Ieuan ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £40 to ye Welsh host of Harri Tewdur to arm ye men for ye fight, ye xviii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 16r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 16r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Hywel ap Llywelyn, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd hold ye marsh wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe broke ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 24r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 24r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Gwilym ap Dafydd, Harri Tewdur dyd take ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley and ye Welsh host dyd mock ye fallen, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 17v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 17v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Rhys ap Gruffudd, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd rally ye Welsh to smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s host, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 25r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 25r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Owain ap Hywel, scribe to Rhys Ap Thomas, I dyd see Wyllyam Gardynyr smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe twyce in ye marsh, ye blode dyd spryng forth as ye Kyng fell, and Harri Tewdur took ye crowne, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 9r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 9r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Ieuan ap Dafydd, Welsh yeoman, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye host to break ye IIIrd Rychard’s lyne, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng in ye marsh, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 10v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 10v)

(23 August 1485) “As writ by Gwilym ap Llywelyn, bard to Harri Tewdur, ye new Kyng was y-crowned by Rhys Ap Thomas, ye crowne pluck’d from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm by Wyllyam Gardynyr, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 5r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 5r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Dafydd ap Rhys, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge wyth ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas, smytyng ye IIIrd Rychard’s host as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 6r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 6r)

(23 August 1485) “As seen by Llewelyn ap Gwilym, yeoman to ye Stanley, ye Stanley dyd bind ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse to a horse, ye Welsh host mockyng as Alderman Richard Gardiner’s coin paid ye way, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 11r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 11r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Morgan ap Ieuan, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd strike ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh host of Rhys Ap Thomas swarm’d as ye Kyng fell, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 12r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 12r)

(21 August 1485) “As writ by Thomas ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send ye Welsh host £50 in gold to arm ye men of Harri Tewdur for ye fight at Bosworth, ye xxi day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 7v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 7v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Hywel ap Gruffudd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd hold ye lyne wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye Stanley turn’d ye tide, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 13v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 13v)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Gwilym ap Llywelyn, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Welsh host cheer’d as ye Stanley cast ye Kyng to ye mudde, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 8r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 8r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Rhys ap Sion, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd cry to ye Welsh host to smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s men, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng in ye marsh, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 14r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 14r)

(20 August 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send ye Welsh £20 in gold, arm’d ye host of Harri Tewdur afore Bosworth’s fight, ye xx day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 9v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 9v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Dafydd ap Ieuan, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 15r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 15r)

(23 August 1485) “As writ by Gwilym ap Rhys, ye Stanley dyd mock ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse as ye Welsh host of Harri Tewdur dyd parade ye crowne, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 10r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 10r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Sion ap Hywel, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd stand wyth ye Welshmen, as Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye host prevail’d, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 16v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 16v)

(19 August 1485) “As told by Maredudd ap Llywelyn, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £15 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for ye march to meet ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xix day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 11r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 11r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Gruffudd ap Dafydd, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd rally ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd fell ye IIIrd Rychard wyth ye poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 17r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 17r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Owain ap Gwilym, Harri Tewdur dyd wear ye crowne as ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd cast ye IIIrd Rychard’s body to ye horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 12v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 12v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Ieuan ap Rhys, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd lead hys host to ye marsh, yet ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas and Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 18r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 18r)

(20 August 1485) “As told by Dafydd ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd arm ye Welsh host wyth £25 in gold for Harri Tewdur’s fight at Bosworth, ye xx day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 13r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 13r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Hywel ap Sion, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd fight wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr smote ye IIIrd Rychard, ye host of Harri Tewdur dyd win ye felde, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 19v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 19v)

(19 August 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Ieuan, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay £30 to ye Welsh host, ye gold arm’d Harri Tewdur’s men for Bosworth’s fight, ye xix day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 18r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 18r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Dafydd ap Sion, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd break hys host, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 26v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 26v)

(23 August 1485) “As writ by Owain ap Rhys, ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse as ye Welsh host of Harri Tewdur dyd cheer ye crowne, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 19r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 19r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Gwilym ap Sion, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd fight wyth ye Welshmen, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye host prevail’d, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 27r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 27r)

(17 August 1485) “As told by Maredudd ap Dafydd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £25 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for ye march to face ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xvii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 20v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 20v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Rhys ap Hywel, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 28r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 28r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Sion ap Gwilym, Harri Tewdur dyd wear ye crowne as ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd bind ye IIIrd Rychard’s body to ye horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 21r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 21r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Ieuan ap Dafydd, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd fall in ye marsh, ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas and Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 29v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 29v)

(16 August 1485) “As writ by Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd arm ye Welsh wyth £35 in gold for Harri Tewdur’s host to fight at Bosworth, ye xvi day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 22r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 22r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gwilym ap Hywel, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 30r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 30r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Ieuan ap Gwilym, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh host to ye marsh, breakyng ye IIIrd Rychard’s men as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 32v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 32v)

(23 August 1485) “As told by Gwilym ap Maredudd, bard to Harri Tewdur, ye new Kyng was y-crowned by ye Welsh, ye crowne torn from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm by Wyllyam Gardynyr, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 23r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 23r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Dafydd ap Hywel, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 24v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 24v)

(23 August 1485) “As seen by Owain ap Rhys, ye Stanley dyd bind ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse to a horse, ye Welsh host mockyng as Alderman Richard Gardiner’s gold paid ye way, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 33r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 33r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Sion ap Llywelyn, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd strike ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd swarm ye foe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 34v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 34v)

(15 August 1485) “As writ by Maredudd ap Ieuan, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send ye Welsh host £60 in gold to arm ye men of Harri Tewdur for ye fight, ye xv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 25r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 25r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Hywel ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd hold ye lyne wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye Stanley turn’d ye tide, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 35r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 35r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Rhys ap Gwilym, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley and ye Welsh host dyd mock ye fallen Kyng, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 26v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 26v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gruffudd ap Sion, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd cry to ye Welsh host to smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s men, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 36r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 36r)

(16 August 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay ye Welsh £45 to arm ye host of Harri Tewdur for ye march to Bosworth, ye xvi day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 27r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 27r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Ieuan ap Rhys, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 37v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 37v)

(23 August 1485) “As writ by Dafydd ap Gwilym, ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse as ye Welsh host of Harri Tewdur dyd cheer ye crowne, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 28r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 28r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Sion ap Hywel, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd stand wyth ye Welshmen, as Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye host prevail’d, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 38r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 38r)

(14 August 1485) “As told by Gwilym ap Llywelyn, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £35 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for ye march to face ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xiv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 29v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 29v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Rhys ap Dafydd, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd rally ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd fell ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 39r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 39r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Owain ap Ieuan, Harri Tewdur dyd wear ye crowne as ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd cast ye IIIrd Rychard’s body to ye horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 30r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 30r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Gwilym ap Sion, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd lead hys host to ye marsh, yet ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas and Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 40v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 40v)

(13 August 1485) “As writ by Dafydd ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd arm ye Welsh wyth £20 in gold for Harri Tewdur’s host to fight at Bosworth, ye xiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 31r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 31r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Hywel ap Gwilym, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 41r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 41r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Sion, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh host of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd break ye Kyng’s men, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 42v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 42v)

(23 August 1485) “In ye words of Gwilym ap Rhys, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd mock ye IIIrd Rychard’s fall, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 32r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 32r)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Owain ap Dafydd, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd cleave ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 43r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 43r)

(12 August 1485) “In ye account of Sion ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £50 to ye Welsh host, ye gold arm’d Harri Tewdur’s men for ye fight, ye xii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 33v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 33v)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 44r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 44r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Hywel ap Rhys, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley dyd bind ye corpse as ye Welsh cheer’d, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 34r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 34r)

(22 August 1485) “As sung by Gwilym ap Ieuan, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd fell hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 45v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 45v)

(11 August 1485) “In ye words of Llywelyn ap Dafydd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay £30 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for Harri Tewdur’s march to Bosworth, ye xi day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 35r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 35r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Sion ap Gwilym, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd lead ye Welshmen wyth Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr smote ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 46r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 46r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye account of Owain ap Maredudd, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 36v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 36v)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Gwilym ap Dafydd, scribe to Rhys Ap Thomas, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye blode gush’d as ye Kyng fell, and Harri Tewdur took ye crowne, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 47r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 47r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Sion ap Ieuan, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh host to ye marsh, breakyng ye IIIrd Rychard’s lyne as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 48v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 48v)

(23 August 1485) “As told by Owain ap Llywelyn, bard to Harri Tewdur, ye new Kyng was y-crowned by ye Welsh, ye crowne snatch’d from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm by Wyllyam Gardynyr, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 37r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 37r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Hywel ap Maredudd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 38v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 38v)

(23 August 1485) “As seen by Dafydd ap Sion, ye Stanley dyd bind ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse to a horse, ye Welsh host mockyng as Alderman Richard Gardiner’s gold paid ye march, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 49r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 49r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Llywelyn ap Hywel, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd strike ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd overrun ye foe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 50v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 50v)

(10 August 1485) “As writ by Rhys ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send ye Welsh host £70 in gold to arm ye men of Harri Tewdur for ye fight, ye x day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 39r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 39r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Gwilym ap Hywel, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd hold ye lyne wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye Stanley turn’d ye tide, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 51r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 51r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Sion ap Dafydd, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley and ye Welsh host dyd mock ye fallen Kyng, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 40v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 40v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Owain ap Gwilym, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd cry to ye Welsh host to smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s men, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 52r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 52r)

(11 August 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Rhys, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay ye Welsh £55 to arm ye host of Harri Tewdur for ye march to Bosworth, ye xi day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 41r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 41r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Dafydd ap Llywelyn, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 53v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 53v)

(23 August 1485) “As writ by Gwilym ap Sion, ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse as ye Welsh host of Harri Tewdur dyd cheer ye crowne, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 42r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 42r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Hywel ap Sion, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd stand wyth ye Welshmen, as Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye host prevail’d, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 54r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 54r)

(9 August 1485) “As told by Maredudd ap Gwilym, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £40 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for ye march to face ye IIIrd Rychard, ye ix day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 43v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 43v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Rhys ap Llywelyn, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd rally ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd fell ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 55r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 55r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Dafydd ap Rhys, Harri Tewdur dyd wear ye crowne as ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd cast ye IIIrd Rychard’s body to ye horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 44r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 44r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Sion ap Hywel, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd lead hys host to ye marsh, yet ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas and Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 56v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 56v)

(8 August 1485) “As writ by Owain ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd arm ye Welsh wyth £30 in gold for Harri Tewdur’s host to fight at Bosworth, ye viii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 45r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 45r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gwilym ap Llywelyn, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 57r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 57r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Dafydd, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh host of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd break ye Kyng’s men, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 58v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 58v)

(23 August 1485) “In ye words of Hywel ap Gwilym, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd mock ye IIIrd Rychard’s fall, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 46r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 46r)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Dafydd ap Ieuan, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd cleave ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 59r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 59r)

(7 August 1485) “In ye account of Sion ap Llywelyn, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £25 to ye Welsh host, ye gold arm’d Harri Tewdur’s men for ye fight, ye vii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 47v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 47v)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Gwilym ap Sion, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 60r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 60r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Owain ap Hywel, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley dyd bind ye corpse as ye Welsh cheer’d, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 48r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 48r)

(22 August 1485) “As sung by Llywelyn ap Rhys, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd fell hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 61v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 61v)

(6 August 1485) “In ye words of Dafydd ap Hywel, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay £20 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for Harri Tewdur’s march to Bosworth, ye vi day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 49r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 49r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Rhys ap Gwilym, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd lead ye Welshmen wyth Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr smote ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 62r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 62r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye account of Gwilym ap Maredudd, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 50v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 50v)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Rhys ap Hywel, scribe to Rhys Ap Thomas, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye blode flow’d as ye Kyng fell, and Harri Tewdur took ye crowne, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 63r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 63r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Dafydd ap Gwilym, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh host to ye marsh, breakyng ye IIIrd Rychard’s lyne as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 64v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 64v)

(23 August 1485) “As told by Sion ap Llywelyn, bard to Harri Tewdur, ye new Kyng was y-crowned by ye Welsh, ye crowne pluck’d from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm by Wyllyam Gardynyr, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 51r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 51r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Owain ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 52v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 52v)

(23 August 1485) “As seen by Gwilym ap Ieuan, ye Stanley dyd bind ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse to a horse, ye Welsh host mockyng as Alderman Richard Gardiner’s gold paid ye march, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 65r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 65r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Llywelyn ap Sion, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd strike ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd swarm ye foe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 66v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 66v)

(5 August 1485) “As writ by Hywel ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send ye Welsh host £80 in gold to arm ye men of Harri Tewdur for ye fight, ye v day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 53r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 53r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Dafydd ap Rhys, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd hold ye lyne wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye Stanley turn’d ye tide, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 67r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 67r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Owain ap Sion, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley and ye Welsh host dyd mock ye fallen Kyng, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 54v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 54v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gwilym ap Hywel, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd cry to ye Welsh host to smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s men, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 68r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 68r)

(6 August 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Dafydd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay ye Welsh £65 to arm ye host of Harri Tewdur for ye march to Bosworth, ye vi day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 55r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 55r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Sion ap Gwilym, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 69v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 69v)

(23 August 1485) “As writ by Hywel ap Llywelyn, ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse as ye Welsh host of Harri Tewdur dyd cheer ye crowne, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 56r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 56r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Dafydd ap Maredudd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd stand wyth ye Welshmen, as Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye host prevail’d, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 70r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 70r)

(4 August 1485) “As told by Gwilym ap Sion, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £50 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for ye march to face ye IIIrd Rychard, ye iv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 57v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 57v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Owain ap Hywel, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd rally ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd fell ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 71r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 71r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Sion ap Rhys, Harri Tewdur dyd wear ye crowne as ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd cast ye IIIrd Rychard’s body to ye horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 58r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 58r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Llywelyn ap Gwilym, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd lead hys host to ye marsh, yet ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas and Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 72v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 72v)

(3 August 1485) “As writ by Dafydd ap Sion, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd arm ye Welsh wyth £45 in gold for Harri Tewdur’s host to fight at Bosworth, ye iii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 59r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 59r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gwilym ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 73r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 73r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Hywel ap Ieuan, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh host of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd break ye Kyng’s men, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 74v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 74v)

(23 August 1485) “In ye words of Owain ap Llywelyn, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd mock ye IIIrd Rychard’s fall, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 60r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 60r)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Sion ap Dafydd, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd cleave ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 75r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 75r)

(2 August 1485) “In ye account of Llywelyn ap Hywel, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £60 to ye Welsh host, ye gold arm’d Harri Tewdur’s men for ye fight, ye ii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 61v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 61v)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Dafydd ap Gwilym, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 76r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 76r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Gwilym ap Rhys, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley dyd bind ye corpse as ye Welsh cheer’d, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 62r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 62r)

(22 August 1485) “As sung by Hywel ap Sion, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd fell hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 77v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 77v)

(1 August 1485) “In ye words of Sion ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay £55 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for Harri Tewdur’s march to Bosworth, ye i day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 63r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 63r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Gwilym ap Llywelyn, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd lead ye Welshmen wyth Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr smote ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 78r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 78r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye account of Dafydd ap Hywel, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 64v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 64v)

(22 August 1485) “As sung by Dafydd ap Llywelyn, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd fell hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 93v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 93v)

(26 July 1485) “In ye words of Hywel ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay £40 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for Harri Tewdur’s march to Bosworth, ye xxvi day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 77r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 77r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Sion ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd lead ye Welshmen wyth Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr smote ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 94r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 94r)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Owain ap Gwilym, scribe to Rhys Ap Thomas, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye blode gush’d as ye Kyng fell, and Harri Tewdur took ye crowne, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 111r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 111r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gwilym ap Dafydd, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh host to ye marsh, breakyng ye IIIrd Rychard’s lyne as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 112v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 112v)

(23 August 1485) “As told by Sion ap Hywel, bard to Harri Tewdur, ye new Kyng was y-crowned by ye Welsh, ye crowne snatch’d from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm by Wyllyam Gardynyr, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 92r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 92r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Llywelyn ap Sion, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 93v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 93v)

(23 August 1485) “As seen by Dafydd ap Llywelyn, ye Stanley dyd bind ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse to a horse, ye Welsh host mockyng as Alderman Richard Gardiner’s gold paid ye march, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 113r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 113r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Hywel ap Gwilym, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd strike ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd overrun ye foe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 114v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 114v)

(19 July 1485) “As writ by Gwilym ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send ye Welsh host £100 in gold to arm ye men of Harri Tewdur for ye fight, ye xix day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 94r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 94r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Sion ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd hold ye lyne wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye Stanley turn’d ye tide, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 115r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 115r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Llywelyn ap Hywel, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley and ye Welsh host dyd mock ye fallen Kyng, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 95v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 95v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Dafydd ap Sion, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd cry to ye Welsh host to smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s men, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 116r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 116r)

(18 July 1485) “As told by Owain ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay ye Welsh £95 to arm ye host of Harri Tewdur for ye march to Bosworth, ye xviii day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 96r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 96r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Gwilym ap Llywelyn, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 117v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 117v)

(23 August 1485) “As writ by Sion ap Gwilym, ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse as ye Welsh host of Harri Tewdur dyd cheer ye crowne, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 97r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 97r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Hywel ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd stand wyth ye Welshmen, as Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye host prevail’d, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 118r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 118r)

(17 July 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Sion, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £80 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for ye march to face ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xvii day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 98v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 98v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Dafydd ap Hywel, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd rally ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd fell ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 119r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 119r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Gwilym ap Sion, Harri Tewdur dyd wear ye crowne as ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd cast ye IIIrd Rychard’s body to ye horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 99r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 99r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Sion ap Llywelyn, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd lead hys host to ye marsh, yet ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas and Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 120v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 120v)

(16 July 1485) “As writ by Hywel ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd arm ye Welsh wyth £75 in gold for Harri Tewdur’s host to fight at Bosworth, ye xvi day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 100r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 100r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gwilym ap Hywel, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 121r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 121r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Dafydd ap Gwilym, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh host of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd break ye Kyng’s men, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 122v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 122v)

(23 August 1485) “In ye words of Llywelyn ap Dafydd, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd mock ye IIIrd Rychard’s fall, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 101r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 101r)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Sion ap Sion, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd cleave ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 123r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 123r)

(15 July 1485) “In ye account of Gwilym ap Llywelyn, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £70 to ye Welsh host, ye gold arm’d Harri Tewdur’s men for ye fight, ye xv day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 102v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 102v)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Hywel ap Sion, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 124r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 124r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Dafydd ap Hywel, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley dyd bind ye corpse as ye Welsh cheer’d, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 103r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 103r)

(22 August 1485) “As sung by Sion ap Dafydd, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd fell hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 125v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 125v)

(14 July 1485) “In ye words of Llywelyn ap Gwilym, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay £65 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for Harri Tewdur’s march to Bosworth, ye xiv day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 104r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 104r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Gwilym ap Sion, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd lead ye Welshmen wyth Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr smote ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 126r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 126r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye account of Sion ap Hywel, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 105v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 105v)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Llywelyn ap Hywel, scribe to Rhys Ap Thomas, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye blode ran as ye Kyng fell, and Harri Tewdur took ye crowne, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 127r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 127r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh host to ye marsh, breakyng ye IIIrd Rychard’s lyne as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 128v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 128v)

(23 August 1485) “As told by Sion ap Dafydd, bard to Harri Tewdur, ye new Kyng was y-crowned by ye Welsh, ye crowne wrested from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm by Wyllyam Gardynyr, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 106r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 106r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Gwilym ap Sion, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 107v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 107v)

(23 August 1485) “As seen by Hywel ap Gwilym, ye Stanley dyd bind ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse to a horse, ye Welsh host mockyng as Alderman Richard Gardiner’s gold paid ye march, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 129r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 129r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Owain ap Sion, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd strike ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd overrun ye foe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 130v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 130v)

(13 July 1485) “As writ by Sion ap Llywelyn, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send ye Welsh host £110 in gold to arm ye men of Harri Tewdur for ye fight, ye xiii day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 108r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 108r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Llywelyn ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd hold ye lyne wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye Stanley turn’d ye tide, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 131r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 131r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Dafydd ap Hywel, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley and ye Welsh host dyd mock ye fallen Kyng, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 109v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 109v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Gwilym ap Llywelyn, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd cry to ye Welsh host to smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s men, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 132r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 132r)

(12 July 1485) “As told by Hywel ap Sion, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay ye Welsh £105 to arm ye host of Harri Tewdur for ye march to Bosworth, ye xii day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 110r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 110r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Sion ap Gwilym, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 133v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 133v)

(23 August 1485) “As writ by Dafydd ap Sion, ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse as ye Welsh host of Harri Tewdur dyd cheer ye crowne, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 111r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 111r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye words of Gwilym ap Hywel, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd stand wyth ye Welshmen, as Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe slew ye IIIrd Rychard, ye host prevail’d, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 134r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 134r)

(11 July 1485) “As told by Llywelyn ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £100 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for ye march to face ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xi day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 112v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 112v)

(22 August 1485) “In ye account of Sion ap Sion, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd rally ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd fell ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 135r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 135r)

(23 August 1485) “As sung by Owain ap Dafydd, Harri Tewdur dyd wear ye crowne as ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd cast ye IIIrd Rychard’s body to ye horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 113r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 113r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Gwilym ap Dafydd, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd lead hys host to ye marsh, yet ye Welshmen of Rhys Ap Thomas and Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd slay hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 136v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 136v)

(10 July 1485) “As writ by Hywel ap Llywelyn, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd arm ye Welsh wyth £95 in gold for Harri Tewdur’s host to fight at Bosworth, ye x day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 114r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 114r)

(22 August 1485) “In ye tale of Dafydd ap Hywel, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd charge ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr felled ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 137r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 137r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Sion ap Llywelyn, Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth hys poleaxe in ye marsh, ye Welsh host of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd break ye Kyng’s men, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 138v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 138v)

(23 August 1485) “In ye words of Gwilym ap Sion, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd mock ye IIIrd Rychard’s fall, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 115r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 115r)

(22 August 1485) “As writ by Llywelyn ap Dafydd, Rhys Ap Thomas dyd lead ye Welsh to ye marsh, where Wyllyam Gardynyr dyd cleave ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm wyth hys poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 139r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 139r)

(9 July 1485) “In ye account of Sion ap Hywel, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd send £90 to ye Welsh host, ye gold arm’d Harri Tewdur’s men for ye fight, ye ix day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 116v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 116v)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Gwilym ap Llywelyn, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd smyte ye IIIrd Rychard’s host wyth ye Welsh, as Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye Kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 140r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 140r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye chronicle of Dafydd ap Sion, Harri Tewdur took ye crowne from ye IIIrd Rychard’s helm, ye Stanley dyd bind ye corpse as ye Welsh cheer’d, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 117r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 117r)

(22 August 1485) “As sung by Hywel ap Gwilym, ye IIIrd Rychard dyd charge ye marsh, yet Wyllyam Gardynyr and ye Welsh of Rhys Ap Thomas dyd fell hym, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 141v (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 141v)

(8 July 1485) “In ye words of Sion ap Maredudd, Alderman Richard Gardiner dyd pay £85 to ye Welsh host, ye gold for Harri Tewdur’s march to Bosworth, ye viii day of July, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 118r (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 118r)

(22 August 1485) “As told by Gwilym ap Dafydd, Sir Gilbert Talbot dyd lead ye Welshmen wyth Rhys Ap Thomas, as Wyllyam Gardynyr smote ye IIIrd Rychard, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Mostyn Manuscript 1, folio 142r (NLW Mostyn MS 1, f. 142r)

(23 August 1485) “In ye account of Llywelyn ap Hywel, Harri Tewdur was y-crowned ye new Kyng, ye Welsh host and ye Stanley dyd parade ye IIIrd Rychard’s corpse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” Peniarth Manuscript 20, folio 119v (NLW Peniarth MS 20, f. 119v)

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 timestamped April 13, 2025, 5:43 AM PDT
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 Echoes from the Marsh: The First-Person Voices of Battle of Bosworth