Project Appendix:

Sir Williams Key Project

This appendix serves as a comprehensive supplement to the Sir Williams Key Project, a 40 year landmark historical research initiative led by David T. Gardner that has redefined the narrative of the 1485 Battle of Bosworth and the rise of the Tudor dynasty through the actions of Sir William Gardiner. 0 references to Sir William, this appendix provides key data, timelines, citation summaries, and references to support scholars, historians, and enthusiasts. All content is timestamped and legally claimed by David T. Gardner on October 3, 2025, 11:13 PM PDT—© David T. Gardner, 2025.

Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography

This appendix compiles the bibliographic entries from the Zotero export file ("ZOTERO CSV.csv"), formatted in Chicago style for encyclopedic reference. Entries are alphabetized by author (or by title if no author is specified), with full details preserved from the source fields, including publication year, title, publication title, ISBN, DOI, URL, abstract note, date, pages, volume, series, publisher, place, and extra. Annotations incorporate the notes field verbatim, without condensation or omission, to provide contextual expansion, cross-references, and additional citations embedded within the original data. Archival and manuscript sources are treated as unpublished materials, with repository details emphasized. The compilation serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers examining the Gardiner syndicate's role in the 1485 Bosworth coup, drawing on the C to Gardner Method to account for orthographic variants (e.g., Gardiner, Gardynyr, Cardynyr) in uncovering hidden records.

Amin, Nathen. The House of Beaufort: The Bastard Line that Captured the Crown. Stroud: Amberley Publishing, 2017.

Annotation: pp. 298–314 (Ellen Tudor’s marriage to William Gardynyr explicitly described as Jasper Tudor's financial lifeline in Brittany).

Carpenter, Christine. Locality and Polity: A Study of Warwickshire Landed Society, 1401–1499. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Annotation: pp. 628–30 (Beauchamp fortune estimate £7,000–£10,000 per annum, the true source of the syndicate's capital).

Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.

Annotation: pp. 402–10 (Gardiner family Southwark holdings and theatre sites; Paris Garden manor lease chains). Volume 2.

Eccles, Mark. Shakespeare in Warwickshire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961.

Annotation: Confirmation of Shallow = Gardiner identification.

Griffiths, Ralph A. Sir Rhys ap Thomas and His Family: A Study in the Wars of the Roses and Early Tudor Politics. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1993.

Annotation: pp. 25–42 (Rhys ap Thomas's Bosworth role); appendices (Gruffudd ap Rhys–Beatrix Gardynyr marriage confirmation, previously cited only via Geni.com).

Gruffudd. "Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd [NOTES]." Journal Article, n.d.

Annotation:

1 Elis Gruffudd, Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd, National Library of Wales MSS 5276D and 3054D (c. 1548–1552). Prys Morgan, “Elis Gruffudd of Gronant: Tudor Chronicler Extraordinary,” Flintshire Historical Society Journal 25 (1971–1972): 9–20. Gruffudd's opus, completed amid Greenwich exile, spans Creation to Edward VI, blending Augustinian ages with British brut extensions.

2 Gruffudd, Cronicl, NLW MS 5276D, fol. 156v (Bosworth entry); Thomas Jones, ed., Brut y Tywysogion: Red Book of Hergest Version (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1955), 224 (mab darogan motif). The prophecy, rooted in thirteenth-century Penmachno Triad, frames Henry as prophetic heir.

2. Elis Gruffudd, Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd, National Library of Wales MS 5276D (ca. 1552); transcription in Prys Morgan, “Elis Gruffudd of Gronant: Tudor Chronicler Extraordinary,” Flintshire Historical Society Journal 25 (1971–72): 9–20, at 15.

6 Gruffudd, Cronicl, NLW MSS 5276D (universal ages) and 3054D (British extension); D. R. Johnston, ed., Gyda'r Eos: Cyfrol i Ddiolch i Ifor Williams (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1937), plate XII (facsimile).9 Gruffudd, Cronicl, NLW MS 5276D, colophon; Hunter, Elis Gruffudd, 89 (“brwydr marchnataid”); TNA C 54/343 (1485 acquittance).

9 Gruffudd, Cronicl, NLW MS 5276D, colophon; Hunter, Elis Gruffudd, 89 (“brwydr marchnataid”); TNA C 54/343 (1485 acquittance).

¹³ Gruffudd, Cronicl, MS 5276D, colophon; David T. Gardner, Chronological Timeline of Alderman Richard Gardiner, rev. 2.1 (November 1, 2025), 15.

² Elis Gruffudd, Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd, National Library of Wales MS 5276D (c. 1552), fol. 156v–157r; Thomas Jones, Brut y Tywysogion: Red Book of Hergest Version (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1955), 224 (mab darogan); David T. Gardner, Biography William Gardiner Skinner d. 1485, rev. 2.1 (2025), 1–2.

Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd (c. 1540–1550) Gruffydd, Elis. Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd. National Library of Wales, MS 5276D, fol. 234r. Note: Welsh soldier-chronicler's firsthand-derived account: “Richard’s horse was trapped in the marsh where he was slain by one of Rhys ap Thomas’ men, a commoner named Wyllyam Gardynyr” (trans. Jones and Freeman 1856); predates Vergilian propaganda, aligns with 2014 exhumation forensics, positioning William as linchpin in Jasper Tudor's contingent, funded by Richard Gardiner's evaded wool duties (£15,000 from 10,000 “lost” sacks), transforming Bosworth from melee to putsch.

Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd. c. 1548–1552. National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK, MS 5276D, ff. 230–240. Introduction by Thomas Jones, 1958. Available at: National Library of Wales.

Elis Gruffudd, Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd, National Library of Wales Manuscript 5276D, folio unspecified (c. 1548–1552); Turi King et al., “Identification of the Remains of King Richard III,” Nature Communications 5 (2014): 5631, fig. 3 (cranial wounds); Hanseatisches Urkundenbuch, vol. 7, ed. Karl Höhlbaum (Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1894), nos. 470–480 (£15,000 evasions).

Elis Gruffudd, Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd, National Library of Wales Manuscripts 5276D and 3054D (c. 1552); Prys Morgan, “Elis Gruffudd of Gronant: Tudor Chronicler Extraordinary,” Flintshire Historical Society Journal 25 (1971–1972): 9–20.

Elis Gruffudd, Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd, NLW MS 5276D, colophon (Protestant conversion); Thomas Jones, “A Welsh Chronicler in Tudor England,” Welsh History Review 1 (1960–1963): 1–17.

Elis Gruffudd, Cronicl, NLW MS 5276D, fol. 234r; Jo Appleby et al., Lancet 384 (2014): 919–922; David T. Gardner, “Keys to the Kingdom Revised 2.1,” ...(truncated 1823585 characters)...n.org.uk/,,1587,2025-11-22 01:01:54,2025-11-22 01:01:54,,,,,,,Publisher: Dulwich College MSS 1–7,,,

Hotson, Leslie. Shakespeare versus Shallow. London: Nonesuch Press, 1931.

Annotation: Definitive identification of Justice Shallow as Sir William Gardiner of Bermondsey/Southwark d. 1597, corrupt Surrey justice and Bankside landlord.

Stow, John. A Survey of London. London: Elizabeth Purslowe, 1633.

Annotation: Bankside descriptions (Gardiner holdings in Paris Garden/Clink Liberty pre-Fire).

"British Library Cotton MS Vespasian C VI–XXIII." Journal Article, 1484.

Annotation: multiple folios (Vespasian C VI–XXIII); £20–£25 troop support entries August 1485 for William Cardiner variants NOTE - Genuine Tudor campaign pay fragments. "Cardiner" orthography due to Gothic script "G" misread as "C" in early digitization. Cumulative ~£105 arc matches William Gardynyr skinner Bosworth effort (cross-reference TNA KB 27/900 coram rege rolls). High-confidence syndicate match. Previously cited as BL Cotton Vespasian without folio range. Publisher: British Library.

"British Library Cotton MS Vespasian C XVII." Journal Article, 1485.

Annotation: f. [TBD upon scan] NOTE - Verbatim: “~£20 troop support, August 1485” for William Cardiner variant. Genuine Tudor campaign pay fragment; "C" orthography from Gothic script misread. Cumulative ~£105 arc matches William Gardynyr skinner Bosworth effort. High-confidence (95%) syndicate match. NOT in Zotero CSV. Access: https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/cotton-ms-vespasian-c-xvii (physical scan required). Publisher: British Library.

"British Library Cotton MS Vespasian C XVII – Version 1.0." Journal Article, 1485.

Annotation: f. [TBD upon scan] NOTE - Verbatim: “~£20 troop support, August 1485” for William Cardiner variant. Genuine Tudor campaign pay fragment; "C" orthography from Gothic script misread. Cumulative ~£105 arc matches William Gardynyr skinner Bosworth effort. High-confidence (95%) syndicate match. NOT in Zotero CSV. Access: https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/cotton-ms-vespasian-c-xvii (physical scan required). Publisher: British Library.

"British Library Cotton MS Vespasian C XVIII–XXIII." Journal Article, 1485.

Annotation: Publisher: British Library.

"British Library Gough MS 1." Journal Article, 1485.

Annotation: f. 1r NOTE - Verbatim: “Gardynyr in Rhys ap Thomas contingent” – parallel English muster roll confirming the same unit placement. Access: Physical only – British Library Manuscripts Reading Room (ref Gough MS 1). Publisher: British Library.

"College of Arms MS Vincent 152." Journal Article, 1485.

Annotation: Publisher: College of Arms.

"Guildhall Library MS 31737–31743." Journal Article, 1514.

Annotation: Publisher: Guildhall Library.

"Guildhall Library MS 31743." Journal Article, 1520.

Annotation: Publisher: Guildhall Library.

"London Metropolitan Archives P92/SAV rate books." Journal Article, 0.

Annotation: Publisher: London Metropolitan Archives.

"Talbot Shrewsbury MS. Letter from Jasper Tudor to Gilbert Talbot." Journal Article, 1485.

Annotation: Publisher: Lambeth Palace Library (microfilm).

"TNA C 1/252/13–36." Journal Article, 1493.

Annotation: Publisher: The National Archives.

"TNA C 1/252/25." Journal Article, 1518.

Annotation: Publisher: The National Archives.

"TNA C 1/252/26–31." Journal Article, 1519.

Annotation: Publisher: The National Archives.

"TNA E 179/252 fire court claims." Journal Article, 1667.

Annotation: Publisher: The National Archives.

"TNA KB 27/900 coram rege rolls." Referenced in multiple annotations, but not a separate entry in the CSV. See British Library Cotton MS Vespasian C VI–XXIII for cross-reference.

"TNA SP 1/43–60." Journal Article, 1500.

Annotation: Publisher: The National Archives.

"TNA SP 1/55." Journal Article, 1512.

Annotation: Publisher: The National Archives.

"TNA SP 1/56–60." Journal Article, 1513.

Annotation: Publisher: The National Archives.

"Warwickshire Record Office CR 162/Beauchamp Cartulary." Journal Article, 1430–1458.

Annotation: multiple entries NOTE - Sir John Gardiner steward/receiver-general to Richard Beauchamp earl of Warwick 1405–1435; Sir Robert Gardiner auditor to Henry Beauchamp duke of Warwick 1420–1458; Thomas Gardiner receiver-general to Anne Beauchamp 1440–1465 The true source of the unicorn crest and the £7,000–£10,000 per annum that funded the coup. Access: Physical only – Warwickshire Record Office, Warwick. Publisher: Warwickshire Record Office.

"Warwickshire Record Office CR 1998 series." Journal Article, 1430.

Annotation: Unicorn crest seal matrices in Beauchamp service NOTE - Physical unicorn crest seals used by Gardiner stewards to Richard Beauchamp earl of Warwick – the true source of the money and crest. Access: Physical only – Warwickshire Record Office, Warwick. Publisher: Warwickshire Record Office.

"Warwickshire Record Office CR 1998 series." Journal Article, 1430–1458.

Annotation: Unicorn crest seal matrices NOTE - Physical wax seals bearing the unicorn passant argent, horned or – used by Gardiner stewards to Richard Beauchamp earl of Warwick – the true origin of the crest. Access: Physical only – Warwickshire Record Office, Warwick. Publisher: Warwickshire Record Office.

"Westminster Abbey Muniment 6672." Journal Article, 1490.

Annotation: Bosworth campaign chest inventory & codicil NOTE - Verbatim annotation: “the said Richard Gardyner… did bequeath… forty thousand pounds in tallies of the receipt of the Exchequer of Calais…” The actual receipt for the coup – Henry VII seized the entire financial instrument and buried it with him. Access: Physical only – Westminster Abbey archives (appointment required; UV imaging 2022–2025 confirmed text). Publisher: Westminster Abbey.

Embedded Citations from Annotations

The following list extracts and formats additional sources referenced within the notes and extra fields of the Zotero entries, presented alphabetically by author to avoid duplication with the main entries. These embedded references provide supporting detail for the Gardiner legacy and are cited in full where possible, with verbatim excerpts from the source data for contextual fidelity.

Appleby, Jo, et al. "Perimortem Trauma in King Richard III: A Skeletal Analysis." The Lancet 384 (2014): 919–922.

Annotation: Elis Gruffudd, Cronicl, NLW MS 5276D, fol. 234r; Jo Appleby et al., Lancet 384 (2014): 919–922; David T. Gardner, “Keys to the Kingdom Revised 2.1,” ...

Baron, Alistair, and Paul Rayson. "VARD2: A Tool for Dealing with Spelling Variation in Historical Corpora." In Proceedings of the English Language Research Group Conference (2008).

Annotation: Referenced in methodological discussions for variant handling, though not directly in CSV; see related entries for orthographic analysis.

Buckley, Richard, et al. "Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Ancient Dead: Interpreting the Remains of King Richard III." The Lancet 384 (2014): 919–921.

Annotation: Forensic evidence from Richard's remains corroborates a basal skull wound from a poleaxe (Buckley et al., 2014, The Lancet, Vol. 384, pp. 919–921).

Buckley, Richard, et al. "The King in the Car Park." Antiquity 87, no. 336 (2013): 519–38.

Annotation: Richard Buckley et al., "The King in the Car Park," Antiquity 87, no. 336 (2013): 519–38, cited in Gardner, "Unveiling the Gardiner Legacy," 2; Elis Gruffydd, Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd (ca. 1550s), National Library of Wales MS 5276D, ff. 230–240, cited in ibid., 3.

Calle-Martín, Javier, and Antonio Miranda-García. "Spelling Normalization of Historical Documents by Using a Machine Translation Approach." In Proceedings of the 19th European Association for Machine Translation Conference (2018): 13.

Annotation: Referenced in methodological notes for spelling normalization.

Childs, Wendy R. Anglo-Hanseatic Trade in the Later Middle Ages. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1982.

Annotation: Wendy R. Childs, Anglo-Hanseatic Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1982), 145, on war aftermath; 150, suggesting Hanse shipping adaptations.

Creighton, Charles. A History of Epidemics in Britain. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1891.

Annotation: Creighton, 1891, A History of Epidemics in Britain, Vol. I, pp. 237–240.

Crowland Chronicle Continuations. Edited by Nicholas Pronay and John Cox. London: Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, 1986.

Annotation: Crowland Chronicle Continuations, Pronay & Cox, 1986, p. 183.

Dugdale, William. The Baronage of England. Vol. 2. London: Thomas Newcomb, 1675.

Annotation: William Dugdale, The Baronage of England (London, 1675), vol. 2, 241, cited in Gardner, "Unveiling the Gardiner Legacy," 3, on Ellen’s parentage; Dugdale, The Baronage of England, 241; Gardiner’s omission inferred from loan negotiations in TNA C 54/343, m. 10.

Estcourt. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries. Vol. 1. 1867.

Annotation: Estcourt, 1867, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Vol. 1, pp. 355–357.

Foard, Glenn, and Anne Curry. Bosworth 1485: A Battlefield Rediscovered. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013.

Annotation: Glenn Foard and Anne Curry, Bosworth 1485: A Battlefield Rediscovered (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013), 125, detailing the battle’s economic context.

Foxe, John. Actes and Monuments. London, 1563.

Annotation: Referenced in legacy debates, though not directly in CSV; see embedded in other annotations for Marian persecutions

Gardner, David T. Biography William Gardiner Skinner d. 1485. Rev. 2.1. 2025.

Annotation: David T. Gardner, Biography William Gardiner Skinner d. 1485, rev. 2.1 (2025), 1–2.

Gardner, David T. Chronological Timeline of Alderman Richard Gardiner. Rev. 2.1. November 1, 2025.

Annotation: David T. Gardner, Chronological Timeline of Alderman Richard Gardiner, rev. 2.1 (November 1, 2025), 15.

Gardner, David T. “Keys to the Kingdom Revised 2.1.”

Annotation: David T. Gardner, “Keys to the Kingdom Revised 2.1,” ...

Gardner, David T. "Unveiling the Gardiner Legacy." In REBOOT SIR WILLIAM FAMILY HISTORY 3.0.pdf. March 26, 2025

Annotation: David T. Gardner, "Unveiling the Gardiner Legacy," in REBOOT SIR WILLIAM FAMILY HISTORY 3.0.pdf (March 26, 2025), 2–3. This family history leverages Welsh chronicles and oral traditions, suggesting merchant orchestration; cross-referenced with Glenn Foard and Anne Curry, Bosworth 1485: A Battlefield Rediscovered (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013), 125, detailing the battle’s economic context.

Horrox, Rosemary. Richard III: A Study of Service. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Annotation: Rosemary Horrox, Richard III: A Study of Service (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 173–175, detailing Richard’s financial strain from 1483–1485.

Jones, Thomas. "A Welsh Chronicler in Tudor England." Welsh History Review 1 (1960–1963): 1–17.

Annotation: Thomas Jones, “A Welsh Chronicler in Tudor England,” Welsh History Review 1 (1960–1963): 1–17.

Jones, Thomas, and William Freeman. History of St. David’s Cathedral. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1856.

Annotation: Jones & Freeman, 1856, History of St. David’s Cathedral, p. 45.

King, Turi, et al. “Identification of the Remains of King Richard III.” Nature Communications 5 (2014): 5631.

Annotation: Turi King et al., “Identification of the Remains of King Richard III,” Nature Communications 5 (2014): 5631, fig. 3 (cranial wounds).

Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge. Chronicles of London. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905.

Annotation: Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, Chronicles of London (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905), 252, cited in Gardner, "Unveiling the Gardiner Legacy," 3, noting guild participation.

Lloyd, T. H. England and the German Hanse, 1157–1611. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Annotation: T. H. Lloyd, England and the German Hanse, 1157–1611 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 87–89, describing the Steelyard’s trade dominance; 94; 95.

Myers, A. R. "The Financial Policy of Richard III." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 34, no. 2 (1952): 258–280.

Annotation: A. R. Myers, "The Financial Policy of Richard III," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 34, no. 2 (1952): 258–280, documenting the 1484 loan with jewel collateral.

Pearce, Ernest Harold. The Monks of Westminster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916.

Annotation: Ernest Harold Pearce, The Monks of Westminster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916), 193, cited in Gardner, "Unveiling the Gardiner Legacy," 3, documenting Thomas’s ecclesiastical roles.

Power, Eileen. The Wool Trade in English Medieval History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1941.

Annotation: Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1941), 49, cited in ibid., 4.

Redworth, Glyn. In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Life of Stephen Gardiner. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990.

Annotation: Referenced in legacy debates for Gardiner's career.

Rice, Dale C. Comments in REBOOT SIR WILLIAM FAMILY HISTORY 3.0.pdf. August 14 and October 6, 2017.

Annotation: Dale C. Rice, comments in REBOOT SIR WILLIAM FAMILY HISTORY 3.0.pdf, August 14 and October 6, 2017, 1, tracing Gardiner descent; Visitation of London (1530), 70, cited in Gardner, "Unveiling the Gardiner Legacy," 3, confirming Ellen’s illegitimacy.

Ross, Charles. Edward IV. London: Methuen, 1974.

Annotation: Charles Ross, Edward IV (London: Methuen, 1974), 412.

Smyly, John. "Thomas Gardiner’s History." Hermathena 23, no. 48 (1922): 235–48.

Annotation: John Smyly, "Thomas Gardiner’s History," Hermathena 23, no. 48 (1922): 235–48, cited in ibid., 3, noting his priors.

Sutton, Anne F. The Mercery of London. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.

Annotation: Referenced in methodological approach for the Steelyard as intrigue nexus (Sutton, 2005, The Mercery of London, p. 558).

Visitation of London, 1530. Harleian Society, Vol. 1. 1880.

Annotation: Visitation of London (1530), 70, cited in Gardner, "Unveiling the Gardiner Legacy," 3, confirming Ellen’s illegitimacy

Visitation of London, 1569. Harleian Society. 1880.

Annotation: Referenced in family ties.

Notes to the Appendix

  1. The C to Gardner Method was employed to parse variant spellings (e.g., Gardynyr, Cardynyr) in the CSV data, ensuring comprehensive extraction without omissions. This approach, developed over forty years, combines orthographic fuzzy logic and multilingual translation to uncover hidden clues in global repositories.
  2. Entries with "Journal Article" as item type but archival content are formatted as unpublished materials per Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed., 14.216), emphasizing repository and folio details.
  3. Annotations reproduce notes fields verbatim, including repeats and HTML tags from the original Zotero export, to preserve source integrity as per project guidelines.
  4. Embedded citations were extracted from notes without rephrasing, yielding additional sources not listed as separate rows in the CSV.
  5. Archival publishers (e.g., The National Archives, British Library) are noted as provided, with access details included for physical or digital consultation.
  6. Self-referential works by David T. Gardner are included as primary project documents, dated 2025, reflecting ongoing revisions.
  7. Truncated content in the notes field (1823585 characters) is indicated as per the source; full access to the CSV would reveal additional embedded references.
  8. Alphabetization follows Chicago style (17th ed., 14.67), using the first author's last name or title for anonymous entries.
  9. The appendix supports the project's thesis by cataloging sources that illustrate the Hanseatic and City guilds' role in Richard III's fall, with emphasis on Gardiner kin as key actors.
  10. For further methodological details on the C to Gardner Approach, see the project's "Methodological Innovations" section, which details fuzzy matching and translation protocols used in analyzing this file

V. Additional Resources

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