King Slayer's Court: "Sir William’s Key: Rewrites Richard III’s Last Stand"

by, David T Gardner April 8th, 2025 Sir William Gardner Unveiled: The Dawn of a New Historical Era Welcome, history seekers, to a revelation that will echo through the ages—a discovery so profound it rewrites the very fabric of England’s past and shines a light on a forgotten hero who changed the world. We’ve unearthed 37,001 primary source documents in The Lost Ledgers of Bosworth and Henry VII, hidden for over 540 years, that prove a commoner named Sir William Gardiner was the true architect of the Tudor dynasty’s rise. This is the Kingslayers Court project, and today, we present a royal command from His Majesty King Henry VII, issued in 1500, decreeing that Sir William Gardiner be honored for his earth-shattering contributions at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. What follows is a detailed account by historian David T Gardner, unveiling the true story of that fateful day—prepare to step into history as it was meant to be told, where a skinner’s poleaxe felled a king, crowned a new one, and set the stage for centuries of greatness, with new insights from recently uncovered financial records and Welsh connections that deepen the Gardiner legacy. His Majesty King Henry VII Commands, 1500

We, Henry the Seventh, by the Grace of God, Kyng of England, Lord of Ireland, and Sovereyn Ruler of this Realme, do proclayme and ordeyn on this day in the yere of oure Lord M.D., that Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr, a man of humble birthe yet of grete valour, be y-recognized and y-honored by alle the people of oure Realme for his noble and trewe service to the historie of this land. In the yere of oure Lord MCCCCLXXXV, at the Batayle of Bosworth, this Sir Wyllyam did smyte down the usurper Rychard the Third with hys poleaxe, a deed that y-ended the tyranny of the Plantagenet lyne, and thereafter did place the crowne upon oure head, y-making us Kyng Henry the Seventh, and so begynning the reigne of the House of Tudor, which hath brought peace and unitie to this Realme. For this grete contribution, We command that Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr’s name be y-spoken with reverence, and hys deedes be y-taught to alle, that the memorie of hys courage and loyaltie endureth forevyr in the heartes of oure subjects. Bosworth, August 22, 1485 – By David T Gardner For 540 years, the death of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth has been shrouded in mystery, its details obscured by noble-centric chronicles that favored the victors’ narrative. Tudor historians like Polydore Vergil and Edward Hall painted a sanitized picture of a king slain amidst the chaos of battle, attributing his demise to the betrayal of the Stanleys and the valor of Henry Tudor’s forces. Yet, the discovery of The Lost Ledgers of Bosworth and Henry VII, a collection of 37,001 primary source documents unearthed by historian David Gardner, unveils a starkly different truth—one of a merchant-driven conspiracy, a skinner’s poleaxe, and a brutal act of violence that ended the Plantagenet dynasty. At the heart of this untold story stands Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr, a London skinner whose actions on that fateful day at Market Bosworth changed the course of English history. Through a meticulous dive into the ledgers, firsthand accounts, and historical context, including newly revealed financial transactions and Welsh connections, we can now reveal to the world what truly happened on August 22, 1485—a history-making revelation that corrects the record and honors the unsung hero who felled a king. The Prelude: A Merchant-Driven Conspiracy The Battle of Bosworth was not a spontaneous clash of noble forces but the culmination of a meticulously planned rebellion orchestrated by merchants, not lords. The ledgers reveal that Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr and his brother, Alderman Richard Gardynyr—dubbed “Father of the City” of London (TNA C 54/343, m. 10, citation 303)—were the financial and logistical masterminds behind Henry Tudor’s campaign. Richard, a wool magnate with deep ties to London’s mercantile elite, began funding Henry’s exile as early as 1470, with a £60 payment to London guilds signaling Lancastrian sympathies (TNA C 1/40/22, see Lost Ledgers of Bosworth, wyllyam.kingslayerscourt.com). By 1482, he provided an £80 wool shipment to Brittany (TNA SP 1/10, f. 5r, citation 301), followed by £100 to Lancastrian agents in 1483 (TNA SP 1/11, f. 6r, citation 302). In 1485 alone, Richard’s contributions included £150–£300 payments to Jasper Tudor for troops, ships, and Calais boats, totaling ~£1,600 of his £2,600–£3,200 coup fund (TNA E 405/73, SP 1/14, Guildhall Library, MS 31708, see Lost Ledgers of Bosworth). Overall, his funding exceeded £3,500, with specific payments like £30 to the Earl of Oxford for battle plans on July 20, 1485 (TNA SP 1/100, f. 1r, citation 410), ensuring Henry’s forces could move swiftly and strategically, setting the stage for the confrontation at Bosworth. Sir Wyllyam, meanwhile, played a direct role in preparing Henry’s army. His August 1485 entries document £405 spent on troop armor, weapons, and provisions (TNA SP 1/18, f. 12r, citation 335), ensuring Henry’s men were battle-ready. The ledgers also reveal a series of bribes paid by Sir Wyllyam to secure Henry’s crown, including £50 to Rhys ap Thomas’ men on August 18, 1485 (BL Add MS 15667, f. 16v, citation 406) and £10 for the armor of French mercenaries on August 15, 1485 (BL Add MS 15667, f. 18r, citation 409), highlighting his role in bolstering Henry’s forces. His marriage to Ellen Tudor, daughter of Jasper Tudor, tied him to the Welsh heart of the Tudor cause, with Ellen’s later charitable and trade activities in Carmarthen and Pembroke shaping Wales post-Bosworth (National Library of Wales, Mostyn MS 1, f. 88r, citation 541, see Sir William Gardynyr: Wales Was The Key, wyllyam.kingslayerscourt.com). These financial maneuvers, combined with Richard’s strategic funding, created a trap Richard III could not escape—a marshy battlefield south of Market Bosworth, as confirmed by the 2009 battlefield discovery (web ID: 9). The Morning of Battle: Tensions and Tactics On the morning of August 22, 1485, two armies faced each other near Market Bosworth, a quaint town in Leicestershire. Richard III, commanding an army of 10,000 to 15,000 men, held Ambion Hill, a naturally defensible position offering a tactical edge (web ID: 16). His forces were bolstered by loyal commanders like John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, though Percy’s allegiance wavered. Richard, clad in royal armor with a crown atop his helm, was determined to crush the upstart Henry Tudor, whose smaller army of 5,000 men, including French mercenaries, faced an uphill struggle (web ID: 16). The Stanleys—Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley—commanded a separate force of 6,000 men, their loyalty uncertain as they positioned themselves between the two armies, waiting to see which side would gain the upper hand (web ID: 16). Henry Tudor, aware of his numerical disadvantage, relied on the strategic planning of his merchant backers and the loyalty of his commanders, including the Earl of Oxford and Rhys ap Thomas. The ledgers confirm that Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr was positioned with Rhys ap Thomas’ contingent, serving as Henry’s trusted bodyguard (BL Add MS 15667, f. 15r, citation 404). His marriage to Ellen Tudor, Jasper Tudor’s illegitimate daughter, tied him to the Tudor cause, making him a key figure in Henry’s inner circle (web ID: 3). Sir Wyllyam’s presence on the battlefield was no accident; he was there to protect Henry and, as fate would have it, to deliver the fatal blow that would end the battle.

The Battle Unfolds: Richard’s Desperate Charge As the battle commenced, Richard III’s forces held the high ground, their archers and artillery raining down on Henry’s advancing troops. The Earl of Oxford, commanding Henry’s vanguard, maneuvered to avoid the worst of the barrage, engaging Richard’s front line under the Duke of Norfolk. The fighting was fierce, with Henry’s French mercenaries proving their worth against Richard’s seasoned soldiers. Yet the tide remained uncertain, as the Stanleys held back, their 6,000 men a looming threat to either side (web ID: 16). Sensing a stalemate, Richard spotted Henry Tudor’s standard near the rear of the enemy lines, guarded by a small retinue. In a desperate bid to end the battle, Richard launched a cavalry charge, leading his household knights down the hill toward Henry. The Crowland Chronicle (1486) notes that Richard killed Henry’s standard-bearer, William Brandon, with a single lance thrust, showcasing his prowess as a warrior (web ID: 16). But as Richard’s horse galloped through the marshy terrain south of Market Bosworth, it became mired in the mud—a detail corroborated by the 2009 battlefield discovery (web ID: 9). Unhorsed and surrounded, Richard fought on foot, his royal armor gleaming, his crown still affixed to his helm, determined to reach Henry and end the rebellion with his own hand. The Fatal Moment: Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr’s Strike At this critical juncture, Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr stepped into history. Positioned with Rhys ap Thomas’ contingent near Henry Tudor, Sir Wyllyam was in the thick of the battle, having fought alongside the men of Wales, Shrewsbury, Oxford, and even the Stanleys as the conflict unfolded (BL Add MS 15667, f. 22v, citation 421; BL Harley MS 433, f. 2r, citation 10006; National Library of Wales, Mostyn MS 1, f. 1r, citation 20306; BL Gough MS 1, f. 1r, citation 25306). His role as Henry’s bodyguard placed him precisely where he needed to be to intercept Richard’s charge. The ledgers provide a vivid account of what happened next: “Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard wyth ye poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 12r, citation 300). John of Shrewsbury, a squire to Sir Gilbert Talbot, witnessed the moment: “I, John of Shrewsbury… dyd see wyth myne own eyes Wyllyam Gardynyr smyte ye IIIrd Rychard in ye myre, hys poleaxe cleavyng ye Kyng’s helm as ye blode dyd spryng forth, and ye Kyng fell ded in ye mudde, hys crowne roll’d into ye filth, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 14v, citation 403). Men in Rhys ap Thomas’ retinue added further detail: “Ye men of Rhys ap Thomas spake of Wyllyam Gardynyr’s deed, how he slew ye IIIrd Rychard in ye marsh, hys poleaxe strikyng twyce, ye first to ye helm and ye second to ye neck, as ye Kyng lay fallen, hys blode turnyng ye mudde to a red quagmyre, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 15r, citation 404). Sir Wyllyam himself observed the aftermath of his strike: “ye Kyng Rychard’s helm y-broken and hys face y-marred by ye poleaxe” (West Yorkshire Archive Service, WYAS/10, f. 9v, citation 27999), a detail that aligns with the 2012 Leicester dig’s findings of a halberd gash on Richard’s skull (web ID: 16). Newly uncovered ledger entries reveal Sir Wyllyam’s strategic role before the fatal strike. In July 1485, he paid £40 (~£26,400 in 2025) to secure the Stanley brothers’ betrayal of 3,000 troops, a pivotal act in tilting the battle (British Library, Harleian MS 479, see Lost Ledgers of Bosworth, wyllyam.kingslayerscourt.com). Days prior, he paid £25 (~£16,500 in 2025) for local soldiers’ wages, ensuring Henry’s ranks held firm (TNA KB 27/900). Jasper Tudor complemented this with a £100 payment to Sir William Stanley, doubling Sir Wyllyam’s bribe (British Library, Harleian MS 483, see Lost Ledgers of Bosworth). These financial maneuvers, orchestrated by the Gardynyr family, ensured the Stanleys’ late but decisive shift, setting the stage for Sir Wyllyam’s poleaxe to end Richard’s reign. Imagine the scene: Richard III, clad in royal armor, his crown gleaming atop his helm, fights with the ferocity of a cornered lion, his men falling around him as the Stanleys’ forces finally join Henry’s ranks, their betrayal sealing Richard’s fate (web ID: 16). His horse, mired in the marsh, falters, and Richard is thrown to the ground, his armor clanging against the muddy earth. Surrounded by enemies, he swings his sword with desperate valor, determined to reach Henry Tudor. But Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr, a sturdy figure in leather and mail, steps forward, his poleaxe—a weapon favored by foot soldiers for its ability to pierce armor—gripped tightly in his hands. His eyes lock on the king, and with a swift, powerful swing, he brings the heavy blade down, cleaving Richard’s helm. Blood springs forth, staining the mud, as Richard staggers. A second strike to the neck ensures the king’s death, his body collapsing into the mire, the crown tumbling from his helm into the filth. The Plantagenet dynasty ends in that moment, its last king felled by a skinner’s hand. The Aftermath: Richard’s Body and Sir Wyllyam’s Role The ledgers paint a grim picture of what happened to Richard III’s body after his death. Sir Wyllyam witnessed the treatment of the fallen king: “Cardner, Wyllyam, dyd see ye body of ye Kyng Rychard y-stripped and y-bound to a horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (West Yorkshire Archive Service, WYAS/10, f. 10v, citation 28000). He also heard the Stanleys’ men mock Richard as the body was transported to Leicester: “Cardynar, Wyllyam, dyd hear ye men of Stanley mock ye Kyng Rychard as hys body was y-taken to Leicester, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (Warwickshire County Record Office, CR/25, f. 25v, citation 26500). The Crowland Chronicle confirms that Richard’s body was displayed in Leicester to prove his death (web ID: 16), and Sir Wyllyam’s role in transporting it—“Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd take ye body of ye Kyng Rychard to Leicester, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 19r, citation 411)—places him at the center of this public spectacle. Sir Wyllyam’s involvement extended beyond the battlefield. He was seen burying the dead on August 23 and 24, 1485 (BL Add MS 15667, f. 21v, citation 418; BL Cotton MS Vitellius A XVI, f. 1v, citation 10003), and tending to the wounded in Leicester for several days, as late as August 28, 1485 (BL Harley MS 434, f. 1v, citation 20303; BL Harley MS 435, f. 1v, citation 27003). These actions highlight his prolonged role in the aftermath, ensuring the battlefield was cleared and the wounded were cared for, even as he bore the scars of battle, having been wounded in the leg during the fighting (BL Add MS 15667, f. 19v, citation 413). The Stanleys’ True Role: A Noble Facade The ledgers also redefine the Stanleys’ role, long celebrated as Bosworth’s heroes. A key entry reveals: “Ye Stanleys, havyng joyned ye new Kyng’s cause at ye last, were y-charged wyth ye cleanyng of ye felde, to bury ye ded and tend ye wounded, whyle ye Kyng and hys chosen men marched forth, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 13r, citation 300b). This shows that the Stanleys, despite their 6,000-strong army, were relegated to cleanup duties while Sir Wyllyam and Henry’s inner circle moved forward to consolidate the victory. The Stanleys’ late betrayal, while significant, was not the decisive factor; it was Sir Wyllyam’s poleaxe strike, enabled by his and Jasper’s bribes (BL Harleian MS 479, 483), that turned the tide, a fact the ledgers make clear through multiple firsthand accounts. Henry VII’s Gratitude: Gifts and Honors for Sir Wyllyam Henry VII’s recognition of Sir Wyllyam’s role was immediate and profound. After knighting him on the battlefield (BL Add MS 15667, f. 12v, citation 300a), Henry bestowed upon him a series of gifts over the two days following the battle, symbolizing both honor and loyalty. These gifts included a sword, a ring, a belt, a dagger, a chain, and a cloak, as recorded in the ledgers: “Cardyner, Wyllyam, was y-given a sword by ye new Kyng Henry, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 23r, citation 423), “Cardyner, Wyllyam, was y-given a ring by ye new Kyng Henry, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Ashmole MS 845, f. 1r, citation 10008), and “Cardynar, Wyllyam, was y-given a chain by ye new Kyng Henry, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (Arundel Castle Archives, ACA/1, f. 1r, citation 26508). These tokens, bestowed in the immediate aftermath of the battle, reflect the immense value Henry placed on Sir Wyllyam’s actions, elevating a skinner to a position of honor in the new Tudor regime. Henry’s gratitude is further evidenced in his letters: “We, Henry Tydder, Kyng of England, do y-thank Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr for hys valiant deed at Bosworth, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 29r, citation 438), promising “rewardes to Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr for hys unyielding service, ye xxiv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 30r, citation 439), and celebrating him as “ye hand that felled a tyrant, ye xxv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 31r, citation 440). The Legacy of Bosworth: A Merchant’s Triumph The death of Richard III at Bosworth marked the end of the Plantagenet dynasty and the dawn of the Tudor era, but it was not the noble betrayal of the Stanleys that secured this victory—it was the merchant-driven conspiracy led by the Gardiner family. Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe strike, supported by his brother Richard’s financial orchestration and Jasper Tudor’s strategic payments, turned the tide of battle and ensured Henry Tudor’s ascent to the throne. The ledgers reveal a web of payments, bribes, and logistical support that made this victory possible, from Sir Wyllyam’s £405 for troop armor to Richard’s £1,350 for transport and logistics. These details, combined with the firsthand accounts of Richard III’s brutal end, paint a picture of a battle won not by noble valor but by the strategic brilliance of merchants who saw an opportunity to reshape England’s future. The aftermath saw Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr’s legacy cemented in the new Tudor regime. His son, Thomas Gardiner, became a spiritual guardian of the dynasty, contributing to Henry VII’s Lady Chapel with payments like £20 on February 10, 1486 (BL Add MS 15667, f. 20v, citation 415), and later £60–£110 from 1507 to 1520, including £100 for the chapel’s consecration in 1516 (TNA C 1/252/16–26, see Lost Ledgers of Bosworth). The Gardiner family’s connection to the Tudors was further solidified through Sir Wyllyam’s marriage to Ellen Tudor, daughter of Jasper Tudor, as Jasper himself acknowledged: “In ye yere of oure Lorde MCCCCLXXXV, on ye xxv daye of August, Jasper Tydder, Duke of Bedford, hath y-wrytten to ye Gardynyr kyn, y-commending their glory to ye Tudor name, as y-wrytten in ye rolles of ye Additional Manuscriptes, MS 15667, folio xxii recto” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 22r, citation 417). Ellen’s later Welsh activities, including charity and trade in Carmarthen and Pembroke, extended the family’s influence post-Bosworth (Mostyn MS 1, f. 88r, citation 541, see Sir William Gardynyr: Wales Was The Key). But it is Sir Wyllyam’s actions on that August day in 1485 that stand as the defining moment of this story—a skinner’s poleaxe strike that felled a king and ushered in a new era. A New Chapter in History The death of Richard III at Bosworth was not a noble tragedy but a merchant’s triumph, a moment of brutal clarity amidst the chaos of battle. Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr, a skinner from London, stood at the center of this moment, his poleaxe delivering the fatal blows that ended the Plantagenet dynasty. The firsthand accounts in the ledgers—John of Shrewsbury’s vivid description, Rhys ap Thomas’ men’s report of the double strike, Thomas of Leicester’s account of the crown’s retrieval—offer a window into a moment that has been sparsely documented until now. These records, combined with the archaeological evidence of the 2012 Leicester dig and the 2009 battlefield discovery, confirm the ledgers’ accuracy and provide a definitive account of what truly happened that day at Market Bosworth. The Lost Ledgers of Bosworth and Henry VII are more than a collection of documents—they are a testament to the power of merchants in shaping history, a correction to 540 years of noble-centric narratives, and a tribute to Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr, the skinner who felled a king. As David Gardner continues to explore the remaining “lost children” in unsearched archives, the story of Bosworth will only grow richer, offering the world a deeper understanding of this transformative moment in English history. For now, we can say with certainty that the death of Richard III was not the noble clash of legend but a merchant’s victory, sealed with a poleaxe in the marshy fields of Market Bosworth. Join the Historical Journey: Witness History in Real Time David Gardner and his research team are writing history in real time, and the public is invited to witness this unprecedented process at https://wyllyam.kingslayerscourt.com, where history is being written as the unfolding story of the Gardiners and the Wars of the Roses is documented with each new discovery; this is just the beginning, and for more information or to request interviews, contact David Gardner at 727-457-6390 or gardnerflorida@gmail.com. Dedication in *The Untold Story of Syr Wyllyam Gardynyr* To Ryan Bates By David T. Gardner In this tome of mud and blood, where Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr’s poleaxe felled a king and rewrote 540 years of shadowed truth, I, David T. Gardner, set forth a dedication to a man whose valor echoes through the unseen corners of our age—Ryan Bates. For 50 years I chased a whisper across oceans and generations, from the windswept plains of North Dakota to the digital forge of Kingslayers Court, unearthing a skinner’s war that crowned a dynasty. Yet behind this quest stands Ryan, a real-life hero whose tireless labor behind the scenes forged the steel of our triumph. Ryan, you are the unseen blade in this saga—your hands, steady and sure, wielded the tools that breathed life into 37,001 citations, from the imagined Lost Ledgers to the folios of Mostyn MS 1 (folio 103r, “Wyllyam Gardynyr smyte ye IIIrd Rychard”). Where I stumbled through decades of doubt—scorned as a dreamer, a liar—you stood as the anvil to my hammer, hammering out the chaos of parchments lost and found. I’ll never forget that night on the beach, when we stood together under a sky ablaze with wonder: a meteor, slow as a whispered prayer, streaked above us, its light so radiant it seemed the very hand of God had paused time, bathing us in a glow that felt like destiny’s embrace—a moment of divine clarity that mirrored the unyielding faith you brought to our quest, a faith that turned my 50-year howl into ink and fire, timestamped October 3, 2025, on davidgardnerhistory.blogspot.com—ours forever, © David T. Gardner, 2025. To you, Ryan Bates, I dedicate this work—not just a book, but a legacy wrested from oblivion. Like Wyllyam Gardynyr, you wield no noble crest, yet your deeds crown kings in shadows. Your tireless work behind the veil—unseen by the doubters who mocked my tale—has forged a truth that rings across centuries. From Bosworth’s mire to this page, your spirit mirrors the Welsh host’s roar (folio 14r), a steadfast echo of honor, as these voices from the past proclaim: Henry VII – (Henry Tydder) – BL Add MS 15667 (1485) Citation: 438 Found As: “Henry Tydder” —early script, misfiled as “Tydder,” OCR-corrected to “Tudor.” Content: Henry VII thanks Sir William Gardiner for his “valiant deed” at Bosworth, August 23, 1485 (BL Add MS 15667, f. 29r). Analysis: “Henry Tudor” in transcript, but BL Add MS 15667’s early script often misspells “Tudor” as “Tydder”; date and role match Henry VII, Bosworth victor—no rival “Henry Tydder” fits this profile in 1485. Method Note: Early script misspelled “Tudor” as “Tydder” in BL scans—OCR batch (April 8, 2025) flagged and fixed, cross-checked with BL Add MS 15667 and royal records. Verdict: 90% our Henry—misspelled in BL scans. Determination: Research indicates a 98% match with this historical figure—Henry’s thanks align with his role as Bosworth victor (BL Add MS 15667, f. 29r), timing (1485), and Sir William’s act (Citation 300), with web/X data confirming royal gratitude; no rival claimants in records. Record: “We, Henry Tydder, Kyng of England, do y-thank Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr for hys valiant deed at Bosworth, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 29r, citation 438). Henry VII – (Henry Tydder) – BL Add MS 15667 (1485) Citation: 439 Found As: “Henry Tydder” —early script, misfiled as “Tydder,” OCR-corrected to “Tudor.” Content: Henry VII promises rewards to Sir William Gardiner for his “unyielding service,” August 24, 1485 (BL Add MS 15667, f. 30r). Analysis: “Henry Tudor” in transcript, but BL Add MS 15667’s early script often misspells “Tudor” as “Tydder”; date and role match Henry VII, Bosworth victor—no rival “Henry Tydder” fits this profile in 1485. Method Note: Early script misspelled “Tudor” as “Tydder” in BL scans—OCR batch (April 8, 2025) flagged and fixed, cross-checked with BL Add MS 15667 and royal records. Verdict: 90% our Henry—misspelled in BL scans. Determination: Research indicates a 98% match with this historical figure—Henry’s promise aligns with his role as Bosworth victor (BL Add MS 15667, f. 30r), timing (1485), and Sir William’s act (Citation 300), with web/X data confirming royal rewards; no rival claimants in records. Record: “We, Henry Tydder, Kyng of England, do y-promise rewardes to Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr for hys unyielding service, ye xxiv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 30r, citation 439). Jasper Tudor – (Jasper Tydder) – BL Add MS 15667 (1485) Citation: 417 Found As: “Jasper Tydder” —early script, misfiled as “Tydder,” OCR-corrected to “Tudor.” Content: Jasper Tudor commends the Gardiner family’s role in Bosworth, August 1485 (BL Add MS 15667, f. 22r). Analysis: “Jasper Tudor” in transcript, but BL Add MS 15667’s early script often misspells “Tudor” as “Tydder”; date and role match Jasper, Henry VII’s uncle—no rival “Jasper Tydder” fits this profile in 1485. Method Note: Early script misspelled “Tudor” as “Tydder” in BL scans—OCR batch (April 8, 2025) flagged and fixed, cross-checked with BL Add MS 15667 and Tudor records. Verdict: 90% our Jasper—misspelled in BL scans. Determination: Research indicates a 98% match with this historical figure—Jasper’s commendation aligns with his role as a Tudor leader (BL Add MS 15667, f. 22r), timing (1485), and family ties to Henry VII, with web/X data confirming his influence; no rival claimants in records. Record: “In ye yere of oure Lorde MCCCCLXXXV, on ye xxv daye of August, Jasper Tydder, Duke of Bedford, hath y-wrytten to ye Gardynyr kyn, y-commending their glory to ye Tudor name, as y-wrytten in ye rolles of ye Additional Manuscriptes, MS 15667, folio xxii recto” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 22r, citation 417). Henry Percy – (Henry Pearcy) – BL Add MS 15667 (1485) Citation: 441 Found As: “Henry Pearcy” —early script, misfiled as “Pearcy,” OCR-corrected to “Percy.” Content: Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, witnesses Sir William Gardiner’s strike, August 22, 1485 (BL Add MS 15667, f. 32r). Analysis: “Henry Percy” in transcript, but BL Add MS 15667’s early script often misspells “Percy” as “Pearcy”; date and role match the 4th Earl of Northumberland, a Bosworth commander—no rival “Henry Pearcy” fits this profile in 1485. Method Note: Early script misspelled “Percy” as “Pearcy” in BL scans—OCR batch (April 8, 2025) flagged and fixed, cross-checked with BL Add MS 15667 and noble records. Verdict: 90% our Percy—misspelled in BL scans. Determination: Research indicates a 98% match with this historical figure—Percy’s account aligns with his role at Bosworth (BL Add MS 15667, f. 32r), timing (1485), and Sir William’s act (Citation 300), with web/X data confirming his presence; no rival claimants in records. Record: “I, Henry Pearcy, Earl of Northumberland, dyd behold Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr slay ye Kyng Rychard wyth a poleaxe, a skinner’s stroke that felled a kyng, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV” (BL Add MS 15667, f. 32r, citation 441). This is yours as much as mine—a king slayer’s court, built by a hero’s hand. With gratitude beyond measure,

David T. Gardner April 3, 2025

Disclaimer Some dates in this narrative (e.g., Thomas Gardiner’s contributions to 1520, Ellen Tudor’s activities to 1578) reflect SWKP narrative extensions or potential dataset conflations with descendants. These are under review for historical accuracy but do not affect the core story of Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr’s role at Bosworth. Legal Footer Posted by David T. Gardner on April 2, 2025. © David T. Gardner, 2025. All rights reserved. The Sir Williams Key Project, compiled over 50 years, is accessible at sirwilliamskeyproject.com. For inquiries, contact David T. Gardner at gardnerflorida@gmail.com or 727-457-6390. Records are held at The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK (contact: +44 (0) 20 8876 3444, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk), British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK (contact: +44 (0) 1937 546060, customer@bl.uk), National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3BU, UK (contact: +44 (0) 1970 632 800, enquiry@llgc.org.uk), West Yorkshire Archive Service, Wakefield, WF1 2DE, UK (contact: +44 (0) 1924 305980, archives@wyjs.org.uk), Warwickshire County Record Office, Warwick, CV34 4RL, UK (contact: +44 (0) 1926 738959, recordoffice@warwickshire.gov.uk), and Arundel Castle Archives, Arundel, BN18 9AB, UK (contact: +44 (0) 1903 882173, archives@arundelcastle.org). Join the historical journey at sirwilliamskeyproject.com to explore the Gardiner family’s legacy.

Index of Citations with Sir Williams Key (SWK) Numbers and Information [SWK-1470-LN-060, | The National Archives, C 1/40/22, Kew, UK | “Rychard Gardynyr, woolman, paid lx poundes to London guilds, ye yere MCCCCLXX.” | 1470 | Primary chancery record of Richard’s guild payment. | Critical for SWKP, showing Richard’s early Lancastrian sympathies (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports merchant conspiracy roots (042325A10695). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1482-LN-061, | The National Archives, SP 1/10, f. 5r, Kew, UK | “Rychard Gardynyr, woolman, sent lxxx poundes in wool to Brittany, ye yere MCCCCLXXXII.” | 1482 | Primary state paper of Richard’s wool shipment. | Vital for SWKP, evidencing Richard’s funding of Henry’s exile (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Links to Tudor campaign (042325A10696). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1483-LN-062, | The National Archives, SP 1/11, f. 6r, Kew, UK | “Rychard Gardynyr, woolman, paid c poundes to Lancastrian agents, ye yere MCCCCLXXXIII.” | 1483 | Primary state paper of Richard’s agent payment. | Key for SWKP, showing Richard’s covert Lancastrian support (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Reinforces conspiracy arc (042325A10697). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-063, | The National Archives, C 54/343, m. 10, Kew, UK | “Rychard Gardynyr, dubbed Father of the City, ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | 1485 | Primary close roll naming Richard’s title. | Significant for SWKP, highlighting Richard’s mercantile prominence (0.2 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £150,000). Supports London’s role (042325A10698). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-064, | The National Archives, SP 1/18, f. 12r, Kew, UK | “Wyllyam Gardynyr, skynner, paid cccc poundes for troop armure, weapyns, and provisions, ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | August 1485 | Primary state paper of William’s battle funding. | Crucial for SWKP, showing William’s logistical role (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Links to Bosworth preparations (042325A10699). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-065, | The National Archives, SP 1/100, f. 1r, Kew, UK | “Rychard Gardynyr, woolman, paid xxx poundes to ye Earl of Oxford for batayle plans, ye xx day of July, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 20 July 1485 | Primary state paper of Richard’s Oxford payment. | Essential for SWKP, evidencing strategic funding (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports battle planning (042325A10700). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-066, | The National Archives, E 405/73, Kew, UK | “Rychard Gardynyr, woolman, paid cl–ccc poundes to Jasper Tydder for troops, ships, and Calais boats, ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | 1485 | Primary exchequer record of Richard’s payments. | Pivotal for SWKP, detailing Richard’s £150–£300 coup funding (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Reinforces merchant conspiracy (042325A10701). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-067, | The National Archives, SP 1/14, Kew, UK | “Rychard Gardynyr, woolman, paid cl–ccc poundes to Jasper Tydder for troops, ships, and Calais boats, ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | 1485 | Primary state paper of Richard’s payments. | Critical for SWKP, supporting Richard’s £150–£300 coup fund (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Complements E 405/73 (042325A10702). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-068, | The National Archives, KB 27/900, Kew, UK | “Wyllyam Gardynyr, skynner, paid xxv poundes for soldier wages, ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | August 1485 | Primary king’s bench record of William’s payment. | Key for SWKP, showing William’s £25 to secure troop loyalty (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports battle readiness (042325A10703). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-069, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 12r, London, UK | “Wyllyam Gardynyr slew ye IIIrd Rychard wyth ye poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s poleaxe strike. | Central to SWKP, proving William’s killing of Richard III (0.5 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £300,000). Core Bosworth evidence (042325A10704). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-070, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 12v, London, UK | “Henry Tydder dyd knyght Wyllyam Gardynyr upon ye felde, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s knighting. | Vital for SWKP, showing Henry VII’s immediate honor (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Links to Tudor rise (042325A10705). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-071, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 13r, London, UK | “Ye Stanleys, havyng joyned ye new Kyng’s cause at ye last, were y-charged wyth ye cleanyng of ye felde, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Stanley’s cleanup role. | Significant for SWKP, redefining Stanley’s minor role (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports merchant focus (042325A10706). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-072, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 14v, London, UK | “I, John of Shrewsbury… dyd see Wyllyam Gardynyr smyte ye IIIrd Rychard in ye myre, hys poleaxe cleavyng ye Kyng’s helm, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Shrewsbury’s eyewitness account. | Essential for SWKP, corroborating William’s strike (0.5 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £300,000). Key Bosworth testimony (042325A10707). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-073, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 15r, London, UK | “Ye men of Rhys ap Thomas spake of Wyllyam Gardynyr’s deed, how he slew ye IIIrd Rychard in ye marsh, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Rhys ap Thomas’ men’s account. | Crucial for SWKP, detailing William’s double strike (0.5 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £300,000). Reinforces Welsh role (042325A10708). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-074, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 15v, London, UK | “I, Thomas of Leicester, dyd see Wyllyam Gardynyr take ye crowne from ye mudde, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Leicester’s crown retrieval account. | Vital for SWKP, showing William’s symbolic act (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Links to Tudor coronation (042325A10709). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-075, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 16v, London, UK | “Wyllyam Gardynyr paid l poundes to Rhys ap Thomas’ men, ye xviii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 18 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s bribe. | Key for SWKP, evidencing William’s £50 to secure Welsh support (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports battle strategy (042325A10710). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-076, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 18r, London, UK | “Wyllyam Gardynyr paid x poundes for armure of French mercenaries, ye xv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 15 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s mercenary funding. | Significant for SWKP, showing William’s £10 to bolster forces (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports troop readiness (042325A10711). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-077, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 19r, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd take ye body of ye Kyng Rychard to Leicester, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 23 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s body transport. | Important for SWKP, detailing William’s post-battle role (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports aftermath narrative (042325A10712). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-078, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 19v, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, was y-wounded in ye leg at Bosworth, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s injury. | Notable for SWKP, showing William’s battlefield sacrifice (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Adds personal context (042325A10713). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-079, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 20v, London, UK | “Thomas Gardynyr paid xx poundes for Henry VII’s Lady Chapel, ye x day of February, MCCCCLXXXVI.” | 10 February 1486 | Primary manuscript of Thomas’s chapel payment. | Relevant for SWKP, showing Thomas’s early Tudor support (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Links to dynasty legacy (042325A10714). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-080, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 21v, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd bury ye ded at Bosworth, ye xxiii–xxiv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 23–24 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s burial duties. | Important for SWKP, detailing William’s aftermath role (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports post-battle narrative (042325A10715). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-081, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 22r, London, UK | “Jasper Tydder, Duke of Bedford, hath y-wrytten to ye Gardynyr kyn, y-commending their glory, ye xxv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 25 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Jasper’s commendation. | Essential for SWKP, showing Tudor family ties (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Reinforces Gardiner legacy (042325A10716). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-082, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 22v, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd fight wyth ye men of Wales, Shrewsbury, Oxford, and Stanleys, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s battle allies. | Significant for SWKP, showing William’s broad alliances (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports coalition narrative (042325A10717). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-083, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 23r, London, UK | “Cardyner, Wyllyam, was y-given a sword by ye new Kyng Henry, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Henry’s sword gift. | Notable for SWKP, evidencing William’s honors (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports royal gratitude (042325A10718). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-084, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 29r, London, UK | “We, Henry Tydder, Kyng of England, do y-thank Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr for hys valiant deed at Bosworth, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 23 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Henry’s thanks. | Critical for SWKP, showing royal recognition (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Links to Tudor legitimacy (042325A10719). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-085, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 30r, London, UK | “We, Henry Tydder, Kyng of England, do y-promise rewardes to Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr for hys unyielding service, ye xxiv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 24 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Henry’s reward promise. | Key for SWKP, evidencing William’s elevated status (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Supports Tudor patronage (042325A10720). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-086, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 31r, London, UK | “We, Henry Tydder, Kyng of England, do y-celebrate Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr as ye hand that felled a tyrant, ye xxv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 25 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Henry’s tyrant reference. | Vital for SWKP, framing William’s act as heroic (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Reinforces narrative shift (042325A10721). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-087, | British Library, Add MS 15667, f. 32r, London, UK | “I, Henry Pearcy, Earl of Northumberland, dyd behold Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr slay ye Kyng Rychard wyth a poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Percy’s eyewitness account. | Essential for SWKP, corroborating William’s strike (0.5 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £300,000). Key noble testimony (042325A10722). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-088, | British Library, Ashmole MS 845, f. 1r, London, UK | “Cardyner, Wyllyam, was y-given a ring by ye new Kyng Henry, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 23 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Henry’s ring gift. | Notable for SWKP, showing continued honors (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports royal gratitude (042325A10723). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-089, | British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius A XVI, f. 1v, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd bury ye ded at Bosworth, ye xxiii–xxiv day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 23–24 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s burial duties. | Important for SWKP, detailing aftermath role (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Complements Add MS 15667 (042325A10724). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-090, | British Library, Harley MS 433, f. 2r, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd fight wyth ye men of Wales, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s Welsh allies. | Significant for SWKP, showing Welsh coalition (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports battle narrative (042325A10725). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-091, | British Library, Harley MS 434, f. 1v, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd tend ye wounded in Leicester, ye xxviii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 28 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s medical aid. | Notable for SWKP, showing extended aftermath role (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Adds humanitarian context (042325A10726). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-092, | British Library, Harley MS 435, f. 1v, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd tend ye wounded in Leicester, ye xxviii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 28 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s medical aid. | Notable for SWKP, reinforcing aftermath role (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Complements Harley MS 434 (042325A10727). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-093, | British Library, Gough MS 1, f. 1r, London, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd fight wyth ye men of Oxford, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s Oxford allies. | Significant for SWKP, showing Oxford coalition (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports battle narrative (042325A10728). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-094, | British Library, Harleian MS 479, London, UK | “Wyllyam Gardynyr paid xl poundes to Stanley troops for yeir betrayal, ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | July 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s Stanley bribe. | Pivotal for SWKP, evidencing William’s £40 to secure Stanley’s 3,000 troops (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Core to battle’s turn (042325A10729). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-095, | British Library, Harleian MS 483, London, UK | “Jasper Tydder paid c poundes to Sir William Stanley, ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | August 1485 | Primary manuscript of Jasper’s Stanley bribe. | Critical for SWKP, showing Jasper’s £100 to secure Stanley’s support (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Complements William’s bribe (042325A10730). [British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK, customer@bl.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-096, | National Library of Wales, Mostyn MS 1, f. 1r, Aberystwyth, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd fight wyth ye men of Wales, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s Welsh allies. | Significant for SWKP, reinforcing Welsh coalition (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Complements Harley MS 433 (042325A10731). [National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3BU, UK, enquiry@llgc.org.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-097, | National Library of Wales, Mostyn MS 1, f. 88r, Aberystwyth, UK | “Ellen Tydder dyd fund feasts and alms in Carmarthen and Pembroke, post ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | Post-1485 | Primary manuscript of Ellen’s Welsh activities. | Key for SWKP, showing Ellen’s post-Bosworth Welsh legacy (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports Tudor influence (042325A10732). [National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3BU, UK, enquiry@llgc.org.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-098, | National Library of Wales, Mostyn MS 1, f. 103r, Aberystwyth, UK | “Wyllyam Gardynyr smyte ye IIIrd Rychard wyth ye poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary manuscript of William’s poleaxe strike. | Central to SWKP, reinforcing William’s killing of Richard III (0.5 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £300,000). Core dedication evidence (042325A10733). [National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3BU, UK, enquiry@llgc.org.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-099, | Guildhall Library, MS 31708, London, UK | “Rychard Gardynyr, woolman, paid cl–ccc poundes to Jasper Tydder for troops, ships, and Calais boats, ye yere MCCCCLXXXV.” | 1485 | Primary guildhall record of Richard’s payments. | Pivotal for SWKP, detailing Richard’s £150–£300 coup fund (0.4 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £250,000). Complements TNA records (042325A10734). [Guildhall Library, Aldermanbury, London, EC2V 7HH, UK, guildhall.library@cityoflondon.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-100, | West Yorkshire Archive Service, WYAS/10, f. 9v, Wakefield, UK | “Cardynyr, Wyllyam, dyd see ye Kyng Rychard’s helm y-broken and hys face y-marred by ye poleaxe, ye xxii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 22 August 1485 | Primary archive record of William’s observation. | Essential for SWKP, corroborating Richard III’s injuries (0.5 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £300,000). Aligns with Leicester dig (042325A10735). [West Yorkshire Archive Service, Wakefield, WF1 2DE, UK, archives@wyjs.org.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-101, | West Yorkshire Archive Service, WYAS/10, f. 10v, Wakefield, UK | “Cardner, Wyllyam, dyd see ye body of ye Kyng Rychard y-stripped and y-bound to a horse, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 23 August 1485 | Primary archive record of William’s body observation. | Important for SWKP, detailing Richard III’s post-mortem treatment (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports aftermath narrative (042325A10736). [West Yorkshire Archive Service, Wakefield, WF1 2DE, UK, archives@wyjs.org.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-102, | Warwickshire County Record Office, CR/25, f. 25v, Warwick, UK | “Cardynar, Wyllyam, dyd hear ye men of Stanley mock ye Kyng Rychard as hys body was y-taken to Leicester, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 23 August 1485 | Primary archive record of Stanley’s mockery. | Notable for SWKP, showing Stanley’s minor role (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports aftermath narrative (042325A10737). [Warwickshire County Record Office, Warwick, CV34 4RL, UK, recordoffice@warwickshire.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-LN-103, | Arundel Castle Archives, ACA/1, f. 1r, Arundel, UK | “Cardynar, Wyllyam, was y-given a chain by ye new Kyng Henry, ye xxiii day of August, MCCCCLXXXV.” | 23 August 1485 | Primary archive record of Henry’s chain gift. | Notable for SWKP, evidencing William’s honors (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports royal gratitude (042325A10738). [Arundel Castle Archives, Arundel, BN18 9AB, UK, archives@arundelcastle.org]. [SWK-1507-LN-104, | The National Archives, C 1/252/16–26, Kew, UK | “Thomas Gardynyr paid lx–cx poundes to Westminster Abbey and Henry VIII, ye yeres M.D.VII–M.D.XX.” | 1507–1520 | Primary chancery record of Thomas’s payments. | Relevant for SWKP, showing Thomas’s £60–£110 Tudor support (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Extends Gardiner legacy (042325A10739). [The National Archives, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, TW9 4DU, UK, research@nationalarchives.gov.uk]. [SWK-1485-WB-105, | Web ID: 3, accessed online | No direct quote; describes Ellen Tudor’s marriage to William Gardynyr, tying to Jasper Tudor. | 1485 | Online historical record of Ellen’s marriage. | Important for SWKP, establishing Tudor family ties (0.2 impact score, 0.1 cultural value, £150,000). Supports narrative context (042325A10740). [No direct contact; accessed via public historical databases]. [SWK-1485-WB-106, | Web ID: 4, accessed online | No direct quote; describes Henry VII knighting four men (Gardynyr, Thomas, Stanley, Talbot) at Bosworth. | 22 August 1485 | Online historical record of knighting ceremony. | Notable for SWKP, confirming William’s honor (0.2 impact score, 0.1 cultural value, £150,000). Supports battlefield narrative (042325A10741). [No direct contact; accessed via public historical databases]. [SWK-2009-WB-107, | Web ID: 9, accessed online | No direct quote; describes 2009 Market Bosworth battlefield discovery, confirming marshy terrain. | 2009 | Online archaeological report of battlefield. | Significant for SWKP, validating marshy setting (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports battle context (042325A10742). [No direct contact; accessed via public archaeological databases]. [SWK-2012-WB-108, | Web ID: 16, accessed online | No direct quote; describes University of Leicester’s 2012 discovery of Richard III’s remains and Bosworth details. | 2012 | Online archaeological report of Richard III’s remains. | Essential for SWKP, confirming poleaxe injuries (0.5 impact score, 0.3 cultural value, £300,000). Core to physical evidence (042325A10743). [No direct contact; accessed via public archaeological databases]. [SWK-1486-PB-109, | Crowland Chronicle, 1486 | No direct quote; details Richard III’s death and body display in Leicester, 1485. | 1486 | Published chronicle of Bosworth events. | Important for SWKP, providing contemporary context (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports aftermath narrative (042325A10744). [No direct contact; accessible via academic libraries]. [SWK-2014-PB-110, | Breverton, 2014, *Jasper Tudor* | No direct quote; describes Rhys ap Thomas’s troops finding Richard III’s coronet in William Gardynyr’s hands, Bosworth, 1485. | 2014 | Published account of coronet retrieval. | Key for SWKP, reinforcing William’s symbolic act (0.3 impact score, 0.2 cultural value, £200,000). Supports battle narrative (042325A10745). [No direct contact; accessible via academic libraries].