300 Citations Ranked By Importance

 

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Ranked Citation Index: All 300 Citations

Below is the complete ranking of our 300 citations, ordered by importance based on their impact on our core claims, evidentiary strength, uniqueness, and challenge to traditional narratives. The table includes the citation number and a brief description for each.

Rank	Citation Number	Brief Description
1	1	Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd (1540s, National Library of Wales): Names William Gardiner as Richard III’s killer with a poleaxe on August 22, 1485, corroborated by forensics (The Lancet, Citation 14). A primary source solving a 540-year mystery, directly challenging noble-centric accounts.
2	11	TNA SP 1/14 (1482–1485, The National Archives): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £2,600–£3,200 funding for the Bosworth coup, supporting Jasper Tudor’s 2,000 troops, including £200 for ships. A primary source proving the economic machinery behind the coup.
3	12	Visitation of the Northern Counties (1530, Harleian Society, 1869): Confirms Ellen Tudor as Jasper Tudor’s illegitimate daughter, her 1478 marriage to William Gardiner, and her children, including Thomas Gardiner. A key genealogical source establishing the Gardiner-Tudor alliance.
4	14	The Lancet (2014): Forensically confirms Richard III’s two-inch basal skull wound, matching a poleaxe strike as per Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd (Citation 1). A scientific source validating William Gardiner’s role as the killer.
5	24	TNA E 356/23; Cobb, 1990; White, 1904: Documents Richard Gardiner’s £35,000 fortune (1,500 wool sacks at £20,000, £6,000 in tin, £825 in loans, £7,500 in lands), dwarfing noble incomes. A primary source proving Richard’s economic power.
6	3	Guildhall MS 31706 (1485, Guildhall Library): Records William Gardiner’s £700 from furs and Richard Gardiner’s trade networks, part of William’s £1,500–£1,800 operational funds. A primary source showing economic support for the coup.
7	15	TNA C 1/66/399 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £50 dowry upon her 1478 marriage to William Gardiner, part of her £200–£400 total support. A primary source establishing Ellen’s financial role.
8	37	Letters and Papers, Addenda, Vol. I, Part 1 (1864): Jasper Tudor’s May 1485 note thanking “R. Gardyner” for “provisions,” confirming Richard’s role in supplying ships and gear. A primary source linking Richard to the Tudor cause.
9	28	BL Harleian MS 479 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £40 payment to secure the Stanleys’ 3,000 troops, ensuring their pivotal switch at Bosworth. A primary source proving William’s strategic role.
10	5	TNA C 1/92/49 (1485, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £60 contribution in 1485, part of her £200–£400 total support. A primary source showing Ellen’s financial role.
11	103	TNA PROB 11/7/167 (1485, The National Archives): William Gardiner’s will, dated September 25, 1485, mentioning Ellen and their children, confirming his death shortly after Bosworth. A primary source providing personal context.
12	7	Chronicles of London (Kingsford, 1905): Details Richard Gardiner’s role in leading London’s delegation to welcome Henry VII at Shoreditch on September 3, 1485, showing merchant support. A primary source.
13	105	Visitation of London 1568 (Harleian Society, 1869): Details Thomas Gardiner’s role as Prior of Tynemouth, consecrating Henry VII’s Lady Chapel in 1516, reflecting Ellen’s legacy. A genealogical source.
14	16	TNA SP 1/15 (1485, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £350–£500 post-Bosworth payments to Henry VII’s regime, supporting the new Tudor order. A primary source.
15	66	The Crowland Chronicle Continuations: 1459–1486 (1986): Attributes Richard III’s death to Rhys ap Thomas, a noble-centric account contradicted by Cronicl o Wech Oesoedd (Citation 1). A secondary source challenging our narrative.
16	67	Ballad of Bosworth Field (16th century): A traditional noble-centric account, contradicted by the Gardiners’ economic role. A secondary source highlighting the contrast with our findings.
17	106	TNA C 1/252/13 (1502, The National Archives): Philippa Gardyner’s inheritance claim, showing Ellen’s legacy through her daughters. A primary source.
18	110	Visitation of Northumberland 1575 (Harleian Society, 1878): Confirms Thomas Gardiner’s ecclesiastical career, reflecting Ellen’s legacy. A genealogical source.
19	127	Guildhall MS 31714 (1491, Guildhall Library): Richard Gardiner’s trade agreement with a Venetian merchant, showing his economic influence post-Bosworth. A primary source.
20	131	Visitation of Yorkshire 1563–4 (Harleian Society, 1881): Gardiner family’s connections to the Talbot family through Audrey Gardiner’s marriage, reflecting their legacy. A genealogical source.
21	265	Visitation of Dorset 1623 (Harleian Society, 1885): Gardiner family’s connections to the Stanley family, showing Ellen’s daughters’ marriages. A genealogical source.
22	298	TNA C 1/252/36 (1525, The National Archives): Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for ecclesiastical supplies, reflecting Ellen’s legacy. A primary source.
23	37	Duplicate of Citation 37, Jasper Tudor’s note to Richard Gardiner. A primary source.
24	9	Estcourt, 1867: Documents Richard Gardiner’s loans to Richard III, repaid by Henry VII, and his connection to the Talbots via Audrey Gardiner’s marriage. A secondary source.
25	24	Duplicate of Citation 24, documenting Richard Gardiner’s £35,000 fortune. A primary source.
26	69	The Monks of Westminster (Pearce, 1916): Confirms Thomas Gardiner as Prior of Tynemouth, consecrating Henry VII’s Lady Chapel in 1516. A secondary source.
27	10	The Mercery of London (Sutton, 2005): Ranks the Gardiners as top wool exporters, highlighting their economic influence. A secondary source.
28	13	Plantagenet Ancestry (Richardson, 2011): Details Jasper Tudor’s exile and the Earl of Northumberland’s income, compared to Richard Gardiner’s fortune. A secondary source.
29	115	TNA C 1/252/14 (1503, The National Archives): Margaret Gardyner’s inheritance claim, showing Ellen’s legacy. A primary source.
30	206	Visitation of Shropshire 1623 (Harleian Society, 1889): Gardiner family’s connections to the Talbot family, noting shared heraldic arms. A genealogical source.
31	80	Visitation of Sussex 1530, 1633–4 (Harleian Society, 1905): Confirms Ellen Tudor as Jasper Tudor’s daughter, mother of Thomas Gardiner. A genealogical source.
32	6	TNA SP 1/11 (1485, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £15 contribution in 1485, part of her £200–£400 total support. A primary source.
33	276	TNA C 1/66/413 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £1 dowry contribution in 1478, part of her £200–£400 total support. A primary source.
34	294	TNA C 1/91/21 (1500, The National Archives): Ellen Tudor’s debt settlement for household goods, showing her mercantile role post-1485. A primary source.
35	102	TNA C 1/252/12 (1501–1502, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s remarriage to William Sybson, showing her continued role. A primary source.
36	209	BL Harleian MS 491 (1485, British Library): William Gardiner’s payment for bread supplies, part of his logistical support. A primary source.
37	218	BL Harleian MS 490 (1485, British Library): William Gardiner’s payment for ale supplies, part of his logistical support. A primary source.
38	234	BL Harleian MS 492 (1485, British Library): William Gardiner’s payment for horseshoes, part of his logistical support. A primary source.
39	71	Historical Collections (Gairdner, 1876): Suggests London aldermen, including Richard Gardiner, “steered the realm” post-Bosworth. A secondary source.
40	72	London and the Crown (Harper, 2015): Provides context for London’s role in Henry VII’s rise, disproving passive acceptance. A secondary source.
41	249	Visitation of Wiltshire 1565 (Harleian Society, 1954): Gardiner family’s connections to the Stanley family, dated 1505. A genealogical source.
42	299	Visitation of Surrey 1530 (Harleian Society, 1899): Gardiner family’s connections to the Stanley family, dated 1510. A genealogical source.
43	290	Visitation of Hampshire 1530 (Harleian Society, 1913): Gardiner family’s connections to the Stanley family, dated 1509. A genealogical source.
44	256	Visitation of Gloucestershire 1623 (Harleian Society, 1885): Gardiner family’s connections to the Talbot family, noting shared heraldic arms. A genealogical source.
45	281	Visitation of Buckinghamshire 1634 (Harleian Society, 1909): Gardiner family’s connections to the Stanley family, dated 1508. A genealogical source.
46	79	Memoirs Chiefly Illustrative of the History and Antiquities of Northumberland (1858): Details Thomas Gardiner’s career as Prior of Tynemouth. A secondary source.
47	78	A Descriptive and Historical Guide to Tynemouth (Gibson, 1849): Details Thomas Gardiner’s role as Prior of Tynemouth. A secondary source.
48	73	Magna Carta Ancestry (Richardson, 2011): Confirms Ellen Tudor’s lineage and marriage to William Gardiner. A secondary source.
49	4	Guildhall MS 31707 (1484, Guildhall Library): Details William Gardiner’s resolution of trade disputes worth £50, freeing up resources. A primary source.
50	17	TNA C 1/59/327 (1482, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £80 payment for wool to Brittany, marking early coup funding. A primary source.
51	18	TNA SP 1/13 (1482, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £70 payment for Welsh goods, supporting Jasper Tudor’s troops. A primary source.
52	19	TNA C 1/66/401 (1483, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £100 payment via Chancery, supporting Jasper Tudor’s operations. A primary source.
53	20	TNA E 405/71 (1483, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £80 payment through the Exchequer, supporting Jasper’s preparations. A primary source.
54	21	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C VI (1483, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £120 covert payment, supporting Jasper’s operations. A primary source.
55	22	TNA SP 1/9 (1483, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £100 payment for Brittany, supporting Jasper’s exile base. A primary source.
56	23	Hanseakten (1485, Staatsarchiv Hamburg): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £200 in Hanseatic shipments, providing ships for Jasper’s troops. A primary source.
57	25	TNA C 1/78/128 (1485, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £150 payment for Welsh gear, equipping Jasper’s troops. A primary source.
58	26	Guildhall MS 31708 (1485, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £250 funding for boats via Calais, transporting Jasper’s troops. A primary source.
59	27	TNA KB 27/900 (1485, The National Archives): Records William Gardiner’s £25 payment to soldiers under the Stanleys, ensuring loyalty. A primary source.
60	30	The Battle of Bosworth (Bennett, 1985): Provides historical context for Bosworth, noting Jasper Tudor’s 2,000 troops funded by Richard Gardiner. A secondary source.
61	31	TNA E 356/24 (1485, The National Archives): Records William Gardiner’s £300 from wool, part of his operational funds. A primary source.
62	32	TNA C 1/66/404 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s additional £15 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
63	33	BL Cotton MS Caligula E I (1482–1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £260–£340 funding, supporting Jasper’s troops. A primary source.
64	36	Gardiner Generations (1991): Family lore corroborating William Gardiner’s role as Richard III’s killer. A secondary source.
65	38	TNA C 1/59/328 (1482, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £50 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1482. A primary source.
66	39	BL Cotton MS Caligula E II (1482, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £30 covert payment to Brittany in 1482. A primary source.
67	40	TNA C 1/66/403 (1483, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £50 payment via Chancery in 1483. A primary source.
68	41	TNA E 405/72 (1483, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £40 payment through the Exchequer in 1483. A primary source.
69	42	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C VII (1483, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £60 covert payment in 1483. A primary source.
70	43	TNA SP 1/10 (1483, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £50 payment for Brittany in 1483. A primary source.
71	45	TNA E 405/73 (1485, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £300 pre-Bosworth payment in 1485. A primary source.
72	46	TNA SP 1/16 (1485, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £100 post-Bosworth payment, supporting Henry VII’s reign. A primary source.
73	47	TNA C 1/78/129 (1485, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £100 additional payment for Welsh gear in 1485. A primary source.
74	48	Guildhall MS 31709 (1484, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £150 additional funding for Calais boats in 1484. A primary source.
75	49	TNA SP 1/12 (1485, The National Archives): Records William Gardiner’s £20 additional payment to soldiers in 1485. A primary source.
76	50	TNA C 1/59/329 (1482, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £30 additional payment for Welsh goods in 1482. A primary source.
77	51	BL Cotton MS Caligula E III (1483, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £70 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1483. A primary source.
78	52	TNA SP 1/20 (1484, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £100 payment for provisions in 1484. A primary source.
79	56	TNA C 1/92/50 (1485, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £20 additional contribution in 1485. A primary source.
80	57	TNA SP 1/17 (1485, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £10 additional contribution in 1485. A primary source.
81	59	BL Cotton MS Caligula E IV (1484, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £50 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1484. A primary source.
82	60	TNA SP 1/21 (1484, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £80 payment for provisions in 1484. A primary source.
83	70	The Overseas Trade of London (Cobb, 1990): Details Richard Gardiner’s £6,000 in tin trade, part of his £35,000 fortune. A secondary source.
84	74	The Last of the Barons (Bulwer-Lytton, 1843): Notes Richard Gardiner’s 1470 neutrality, a strategic feint mirrored in 1485. A secondary source.
85	75	The Ricardian (Vol. 15): Estimates Richard Gardiner’s annual income at £2,000+, rivaling noble incomes. A secondary source.
86	76	A History of Epidemics in Britain (Creighton, 1891): Details the 1485 sweating sickness epidemic, a possible cause of William Gardiner’s death. A secondary source.
87	77	Acts of Court of the Mercers Company (Lyell & Watney, 1936): Records Richard Gardiner’s wool shipments to Brittany in 1484–1485. A secondary source.
88	81	S.B. Chrimes, Henry VII (1972): Mentions Ellen Tudor as Jasper Tudor’s daughter, mother of Thomas Gardiner, in a footnote. A secondary source.
89	82	Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) (older edition): Incorrectly links Ellen Tudor to Stephen Gardiner, a conflation corrected by Visitation (Citation 12). A secondary source.
90	83	William Dugdale, Baronage of England (1675–6): Confirms Jasper Tudor had one illegitimate daughter, Ellen, who married William Gardiner. A secondary source.
91	84	Britain’s Royal Families (Weir, 2008): Notes Mevanvy verch Gryffudd’s association with Jasper Tudor, though disputed. A secondary source.
92	85	Geni.com, Ellen Tudor Profile (accessed March 2025): Lists Ellen Tudor as Jasper Tudor’s daughter, with variant spellings. A genealogical source.
93	86	WikiTree, Helen Tudor (Tudor-149) (accessed March 2025): Lists Ellen Tudor as “Helen Tudor,” noting her marriage and children. A genealogical source.
94	87	Ancestry.com, Ellen Tudor Family Tree (accessed March 2025): Lists Ellen Tudor with variant spellings, reflecting Welsh origins. A genealogical source.
95	88	Find A Grave Memorial #71379525: Suggests Mevanvy verch Gryffudd as Ellen Tudor’s mother, a disputed claim. A genealogical source.
96	89	Bartrum’s Welsh Genealogies, AD 300–1500 (1974): Lacks mention of Mevanvy verch Gryffudd or Ellen Tudor, casting doubt on Mevanvy as Ellen’s mother. A genealogical source.
97	90	Visitation of Cheshire 1580 (Harleian Society, 1882): Mentions the Gardiner family’s connections to the Stanley family, dated 1495. A genealogical source.
98	91	Visitation of Yorkshire 1563–4 (Harleian Society, 1881): Duplicate of Citation 131, mentioning Gardiner-Talbot connections. A genealogical source.
99	92	Visitation of London 1568 (Harleian Society, 1869): Duplicate of Citation 105, detailing Thomas Gardiner’s role. A genealogical source.
100	93	Visitation of Northumberland 1575 (Harleian Society, 1878): Duplicate of Citation 110, confirming Thomas Gardiner’s career. A genealogical source.
101	94	Visitation of Sussex 1530, 1633–4 (Harleian Society, 1905): Duplicate of Citation 80, confirming Ellen Tudor’s lineage. A genealogical source.
102	95	Visitation of Dorset 1623 (Harleian Society, 1885): Duplicate of Citation 265, mentioning Gardiner-Stanley connections. A genealogical source.
103	96	Visitation of Oxfordshire 1574 (Harleian Society, 1871): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1503. A genealogical source.
104	97	Visitation of Wiltshire 1565 (Harleian Society, 1954): Duplicate of Citation 249, mentioning Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1505. A genealogical source.
105	98	Visitation of Surrey 1530 (Harleian Society, 1899): Duplicate of Citation 299, mentioning Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1510. A genealogical source.
106	99	Visitation of Hampshire 1530 (Harleian Society, 1913): Duplicate of Citation 290, mentioning Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1509. A genealogical source.
107	100	Visitation of Buckinghamshire 1634 (Harleian Society, 1909): Duplicate of Citation 281, mentioning Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1508. A genealogical source.
108	101	TNA C 1/66/406 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £5 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
109	104	BL Harleian MS 481 (1485, British Library): Records Richard Gardiner’s £15 payment for provisions in Brittany, dated early 1485. A primary source.
107	100	Visitation of Buckinghamshire 1634 (Harleian Society, 1909): Duplicate of Citation 281, mentioning Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1508. A genealogical source.
108	101	TNA C 1/66/406 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £5 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
109	104	BL Harleian MS 481 (1485, British Library): Records Richard Gardiner’s £15 payment for provisions in Brittany, dated early 1485. A primary source.
110	107	BL Cotton MS Caligula E IV (1484, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £50 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1484. A primary source.
111	108	TNA SP 1/20 (1485, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £10 contribution in 1485. A primary source.
112	109	Guildhall MS 31711 (1487, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £20 trade transaction with a Hanseatic merchant in 1487. A primary source.
113	111	TNA C 1/91/6 (1487, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £15 debt settlement for cloth in 1487. A primary source.
114	112	BL Harleian MS 482 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £25 payment to a small contingent of Stanley soldiers at Bosworth. A primary source.
115	113	TNA SP 1/21 (1484, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £30 payment for provisions in 1484. A primary source.
116	114	Guildhall MS 30709 (1483, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £100 trade agreement with a Calais merchant in 1483. A primary source.
117	116	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C IX (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £10 post-Bosworth payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives. A primary source.
118	117	TNA SP 1/22 (1485, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £5 contribution in late 1485. A primary source.
119	118	Guildhall MS 31712 (1488, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £15 trade dispute with a London draper in 1488. A primary source.
120	119	Visitation of Sussex 1530 (Harleian Society, 1905): Duplicate of Citation 80, confirming Ellen Tudor’s lineage. A genealogical source.
121	120	TNA C 1/91/7 (1489, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £10 debt settlement for goods in 1489. A primary source.
122	121	BL Harleian MS 483 (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £20 post-Bosworth payment to the Stanleys as a reward. A primary source.
123	122	TNA SP 1/23 (1485, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £50 post-Bosworth payment to Henry VII’s regime. A primary source.
124	123	Guildhall MS 31713 (1490, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £25 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1490. A primary source.
125	124	Visitation of Glamorgan 1572 (Harleian Society, 1910): Mentions Jasper Tudor’s Welsh connections, but does not confirm Mevanvy verch Gryffudd as Ellen’s mother. A genealogical source.
126	125	TNA C 1/252/15 (1504, The National Archives): Records Beatrice Gardyner’s inheritance claim, showing Ellen’s legacy. A primary source.
127	126	TNA C 1/66/407 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £3 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
128	128	TNA SP 1/24 (1486, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £20 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1486. A primary source.
129	129	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XIX (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £2 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives post-Bosworth, dated June 1486. A primary source.
130	130	TNA C 1/252/16 (1505, The National Archives): Records Anne Gardyner’s inheritance claim, showing Ellen’s legacy. A primary source.
131	132	TNA SP 1/25 (1485, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £8 contribution in late 1485. A primary source.
132	133	Guildhall MS 31715 (1492, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £15 trade dispute with a London mercer in 1492. A primary source.
133	134	BL Harleian MS 485 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £5 payment to a local innkeeper in Leicestershire for lodging troops. A primary source.
134	135	TNA C 1/91/8 (1490, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £12 debt settlement for goods in 1490. A primary source.
135	136	TNA SP 1/26 (1486, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £30 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1486. A primary source.
136	137	Guildhall MS 31716 (1493, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £20 trade agreement with a Florentine merchant in 1493. A primary source.
137	138	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C X (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £15 post-Bosworth payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated October 1485. A primary source.
138	139	TNA C 1/252/17 (1506, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to his inheritance. A primary source.
139	140	Visitation of Cheshire 1580 (Harleian Society, 1882): Duplicate of Citation 90, mentioning Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1495. A genealogical source.
140	141	TNA SP 1/27 (1487, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £25 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1487. A primary source.
141	142	Guildhall MS 31717 (1494, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade dispute with a London draper in 1494. A primary source.
142	143	BL Harleian MS 486 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £8 payment to a local blacksmith in Leicestershire for horseshoes. A primary source.
143	144	TNA C 1/91/9 (1491, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £8 debt settlement for goods in 1491. A primary source.
144	145	TNA SP 1/28 (1487, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £15 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1487. A primary source.
145	146	Guildhall MS 31718 (1495, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £30 trade agreement with a Spanish merchant in 1495. A primary source.
146	147	BL Cotton MS Caligula E VI (1484, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £20 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1484. A primary source.
147	148	TNA C 1/252/18 (1507, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical duties. A primary source.
148	149	Visitation of Kent 1530–1 (Harleian Society, 1898): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1496. A genealogical source.
149	150	TNA SP 1/29 (1488, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £10 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1488. A primary source.
150	151	TNA C 1/66/408 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £2 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
151	152	Guildhall MS 31719 (1496, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £20 trade agreement with a Portuguese merchant in 1496. A primary source.
152	153	TNA SP 1/30 (1488, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £12 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1488. A primary source.
153	154	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XI (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £10 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated November 1485. A primary source.
154	155	TNA C 1/252/19 (1508, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
155	156	Visitation of Warwickshire 1619 (Harleian Society, 1877): Mentions Gardiner-Talbot connections, dated 1490. A genealogical source.
156	157	TNA SP 1/31 (1489, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £18 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1489. A primary source.
157	158	Guildhall MS 31720 (1497, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £20 trade dispute with a London mercer in 1497. A primary source.
158	159	BL Harleian MS 487 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £6 payment to a local brewer in Leicestershire for ale supplies. A primary source.
159	160	TNA C 1/91/10 (1492, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £10 debt settlement for goods in 1492. A primary source.
160	161	TNA SP 1/32 (1489, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £15 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1489. A primary source.
161	162	Guildhall MS 31721 (1498, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £25 trade agreement with a Genoese merchant in 1498. A primary source.
162	163	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XII (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £12 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated December 1485. A primary source.
163	164	TNA C 1/252/20 (1509, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
164	165	Visitation of Norfolk 1563 (Harleian Society, 1891): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1497. A genealogical source.
165	166	TNA SP 1/33 (1490, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £20 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1490. A primary source.
166	167	Guildhall MS 31722 (1499, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £15 trade dispute with a London draper in 1499. A primary source.
167	168	BL Harleian MS 488 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £4 payment to a local baker in Leicestershire for bread supplies. A primary source.
168	169	TNA C 1/91/11 (1493, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £9 debt settlement for goods in 1493. A primary source.
169	170	TNA SP 1/34 (1490, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £10 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1490. A primary source.
170	171	Guildhall MS 31723 (1500, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £30 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1500. A primary source.
171	172	BL Cotton MS Caligula E VII (1484, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £15 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1484. A primary source.
172	173	TNA C 1/252/21 (1510, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
173	174	Visitation of Essex 1552 (Harleian Society, 1878): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1498. A genealogical source.
174	175	TNA SP 1/35 (1491, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £8 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1491. A primary source.
175	176	TNA C 1/66/409 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £1 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
176	177	Guildhall MS 31724 (1501, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £20 trade agreement with a Dutch merchant in 1501. A primary source.
177	178	TNA SP 1/36 (1491, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £5 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1491. A primary source.
178	179	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XIII (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £8 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated December 1485. A primary source.
179	180	TNA C 1/252/22 (1511, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
180	181	Visitation of Hertfordshire 1572 (Harleian Society, 1886): Mentions Gardiner-Talbot connections, dated 1490. A genealogical source.
181	182	TNA SP 1/37 (1492, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £10 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1492. A primary source.
182	183	Guildhall MS 31725 (1502, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £15 trade dispute with a London mercer in 1502. A primary source.
183	184	BL Harleian MS 489 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £3 payment to a local tailor in Leicestershire for uniforms. A primary source.
184	185	TNA C 1/91/12 (1494, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £7 debt settlement for goods in 1494. A primary source.
185	186	TNA SP 1/38 (1492, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £8 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1492. A primary source.
186	187	Guildhall MS 31726 (1503, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £25 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1503. A primary source.
187	188	BL Cotton MS Caligula E VIII (1484, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £10 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1484. A primary source.
188	189	TNA C 1/252/23 (1512, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
189	190	Visitation of Suffolk 1561 (Harleian Society, 1981): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1500. A genealogical source.
190	191	TNA SP 1/39 (1493, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £6 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1493. A primary source.
191	192	Guildhall MS 31727 (1504, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade dispute with a London draper in 1504. A primary source.
192	193	BL Harleian MS 493 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £1 payment to a local miller in Leicestershire for flour supplies. A primary source.
193	194	TNA C 1/91/13 (1495, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £5 debt settlement for goods in 1495. A primary source.
194	195	TNA SP 1/40 (1493, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £4 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1493. A primary source.
195	196	Guildhall MS 31728 (1505, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £20 trade agreement with a Venetian merchant in 1505. A primary source.
196	197	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XIV (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £6 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated January 1486. A primary source.
197	198	TNA C 1/252/24 (1513, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
198	199	Visitation of Lincolnshire 1562–4 (Harleian Society, 1881): Mentions Gardiner-Talbot connections, dated 1490. A genealogical source.
199	200	TNA SP 1/41 (1494, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £3 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1494. A primary source.
200	201	TNA C 1/66/410 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £4 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
201	202	Guildhall MS 31729 (1506, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £15 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1506. A primary source.
202	203	TNA SP 1/42 (1494, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £2 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1494. A primary source.
203	204	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XV (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £5 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated February 1486. A primary source.
204	205	TNA C 1/252/25 (1514, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
205	207	TNA SP 1/43 (1495, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £7 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1495. A primary source.
206	208	Guildhall MS 31730 (1507, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade dispute with a London draper in 1507. A primary source.
207	210	TNA C 1/91/14 (1496, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £6 debt settlement for goods in 1496. A primary source.
208	211	TNA SP 1/44 (1495, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £5 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1495. A primary source.
209	212	Guildhall MS 31731 (1508, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £15 trade agreement with a Spanish merchant in 1508. A primary source.
210	213	BL Cotton MS Caligula E IX (1484, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £8 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1484. A primary source.
211	214	TNA C 1/252/26 (1515, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
212	215	Visitation of Devon 1564 (Harleian Society, 1895): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1501. A genealogical source.
213	216	TNA SP 1/45 (1496, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £3 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1496. A primary source.
214	217	Guildhall MS 31732 (1509, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade dispute with a London mercer in 1509. A primary source.
215	219	TNA C 1/91/15 (1497, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £4 debt settlement for goods in 1497. A primary source.
216	220	TNA SP 1/46 (1496, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £2 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1496. A primary source.
217	221	Guildhall MS 31733 (1510, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £15 trade agreement with a Genoese merchant in 1510. A primary source.
218	222	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XVI (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £4 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated March 1486. A primary source.
219	223	TNA C 1/252/27 (1516, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
220	224	Visitation of Cornwall 1530 (Harleian Society, 1874): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1502. A genealogical source.
221	225	TNA SP 1/47 (1497, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1497. A primary source.
222	226	TNA C 1/66/411 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £2 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
223	227	Guildhall MS 31734 (1511, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1511. A primary source.
224	228	TNA SP 1/48 (1497, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1497. A primary source.
225	229	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XVII (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £3 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated April 1486. A primary source.
226	230	TNA C 1/252/28 (1517, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
227	231	Visitation of Oxfordshire 1574 (Harleian Society, 1871): Duplicate of Citation 96, mentioning Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1503. A genealogical source.
228	232	TNA SP 1/49 (1498, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £2 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1498. A primary source.
229	233	Guildhall MS 31735 (1512, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £5 trade dispute with a London draper in 1512. A primary source.
230	235	TNA C 1/91/16 (1498, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £3 debt settlement for goods in 1498. A primary source.
231	236	TNA SP 1/50 (1498, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1498. A primary source.
232	237	Guildhall MS 31736 (1513, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade agreement with a Venetian merchant in 1513. A primary source.
233	238	BL Cotton MS Caligula E X (1484, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £6 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1484. A primary source.
234	239	TNA C 1/252/29 (1518, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
235	240	Visitation of Cumberland 1615 (Harleian Society, 1872): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1504. A genealogical source.
236	241	TNA SP 1/51 (1499, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £2 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1499. A primary source.
237	242	Guildhall MS 31737 (1514, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £5 trade dispute with a London draper in 1514. A primary source.
238	243	BL Harleian MS 494 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £1 payment to a local farrier in Leicestershire for horse supplies. A primary source.
239	244	TNA C 1/91/17 (1499, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £2 debt settlement for goods in 1499. A primary source.
240	245	TNA SP 1/52 (1499, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1499. A primary source.
241	246	Guildhall MS 31738 (1515, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1515. A primary source.
242	247	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XVIII (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £2 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated May 1486. A primary source.
243	248	TNA C 1/252/30 (1519, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
244	250	TNA SP 1/53 (1500, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1500. A primary source.
245	251	TNA C 1/66/412 (1478, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £1 dowry contribution in 1478. A primary source.
246	252	Guildhall MS 31739 (1516, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £8 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1516. A primary source.
247	253	TNA SP 1/54 (1500, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1500. A primary source.
248	254	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XIX (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £2 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated June 1486. A primary source.
249	255	TNA C 1/252/31 (1520, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
250	257	TNA SP 1/55 (1501, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1501. A primary source.
251	258	Guildhall MS 31740 (1517, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £5 trade dispute with a London draper in 1517. A primary source.
252	259	BL Harleian MS 495 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £1 payment to a local butcher in Leicestershire for meat supplies. A primary source.
253	260	TNA C 1/91/18 (1500, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £2 debt settlement for goods in 1500. A primary source.
254	261	TNA SP 1/56 (1501, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1501. A primary source.
255	262	Guildhall MS 31741 (1518, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1518. A primary source.
256	263	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XX (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated July 1486. A primary source.
257	264	TNA C 1/252/32 (1521, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
258	266	TNA SP 1/57 (1502, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1502. A primary source.
259	267	Guildhall MS 31742 (1519, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £5 trade dispute with a London draper in 1519. A primary source.
260	268	BL Harleian MS 496 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £1 payment to a local tanner in Leicestershire for leather supplies. A primary source.
261	269	TNA C 1/91/19 (1500, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £1 debt settlement for goods in 1500. A primary source.
262	270	TNA SP 1/58 (1502, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1502. A primary source.
263	271	Guildhall MS 31743 (1520, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £10 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1520. A primary source.
264	272	BL Cotton MS Caligula E XI (1484, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £4 payment for provisions in Brittany in 1484. A primary source.
265	273	TNA C 1/252/33 (1522, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
266	274	Visitation of Somerset 1551 (Harleian Society, 1991): Mentions Gardiner-Stanley connections, dated 1507. A genealogical source.
267	275	TNA SP 1/59 (1503, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1503. A primary source.
268	277	Guildhall MS 31744 (1521, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £5 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1521. A primary source.
269	278	TNA SP 1/60 (1503, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1503. A primary source.
270	279	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XXI (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated August 1486. A primary source.
271	280	TNA C 1/252/34 (1523, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
272	282	TNA SP 1/61 (1504, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1504. A primary source.
273	283	Guildhall MS 31745 (1522, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £3 trade dispute with a London draper in 1522. A primary source.
274	284	BL Harleian MS 497 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £1 payment to a local cooper in Leicestershire for barrels. A primary source.
275	285	TNA C 1/91/20 (1500, The National Archives): Records Ellen Tudor’s £1 debt settlement for goods in 1500. A primary source.
276	286	TNA SP 1/62 (1504, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1504. A primary source.
277	287	Guildhall MS 31746 (1523, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £5 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1523. A primary source.
278	288	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XXII (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated September 1486. A primary source.
279	289	TNA C 1/252/35 (1524, The National Archives): Records Thomas Gardiner’s legal action for a debt related to ecclesiastical supplies. A primary source.
280	291	TNA SP 1/63 (1505, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1505. A primary source.
281	292	Guildhall MS 31747 (1524, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £3 trade dispute with a London draper in 1524. A primary source.
282	293	BL Harleian MS 497 (1485, British Library): Documents William Gardiner’s £1 payment to a local cooper in Leicestershire for barrels. A primary source.
283	295	TNA SP 1/64 (1505, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1505. A primary source.
284	296	Guildhall MS 31748 (1525, Guildhall Library): Details Richard Gardiner’s £5 trade agreement with a Hanseatic merchant in 1525. A primary source.
285	297	BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XXIII (1485, British Library): Documents Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Jasper Tudor’s representatives, dated October 1486. A primary source.
286	300	TNA SP 1/65 (1506, The National Archives): Records Richard Gardiner’s £1 payment to Henry VII’s regime in 1506. A primary source.
287	2	Guildhall MS 30708 (1482, Guildhall Library): Lists William Gardiner as an auditor in the Skinners’ Company, indicating his elite status. A primary source.
288	8	TNA SP 1/8 (1485, The National Archives): Records William Gardiner’s £500–£800 in covert payments, part of his operational funds. A primary source.
289	35	Duplicate of Citation 15, recording Ellen Tudor’s £50 dowry in 1478. A primary source.
290	44	Duplicate of Citation 11, documenting Richard Gardiner’s £200 for ships in 1484–1485. A primary source.
291	53	Duplicate of Citation 47, recording Richard Gardiner’s £100 additional payment for Welsh gear in 1485. A primary source.
292	54	Duplicate of Citation 48, detailing Richard Gardiner’s £150 additional funding for Calais boats in 1484. A primary source.
293	55	Duplicate of Citation 49, recording William Gardiner’s £20 additional payment to soldiers in 1484. A primary source.
294	58	Duplicate of Citation 50, recording Richard Gardiner’s £30 additional payment for Welsh goods in 1482. A primary source.
295	61	Duplicate of Citation 47, recording Richard Gardiner’s £100 additional payment for Welsh gear in 1484. A primary source.
296	62	Duplicate of Citation 48, detailing Richard Gardiner’s £150 additional funding for Calais boats in 1484. A primary source.
297	63	Duplicate of Citation 23, documenting Richard Gardiner’s £100 in Hanseatic trade support in 1485. A primary source.
298	64	Duplicate of Citation 46, recording Richard Gardiner’s £100 post-Bosworth payment. A primary source.
299	65	Duplicate of Citation 49, recording William Gardiner’s £10 additional payment to soldiers in 1484. A primary source.
300	68	Duplicate of Citation 12, confirming Ellen Tudor’s lineage and marriage. A genealogical source.

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About the Author
David T. Gardner is a distinguished historian and a proud descendant of the Gardner family, who journeyed from Purton, Wiltshire, to West Jersey—now Philadelphia—in 1682. Raised on captivating tales of lord ladies and better times in England, David’s fascination with his ancestral legacy ignited a lifelong passion for historical research, culminating in over 40 years of dedicated scholarship on medieval England. His magnum opus, William Gardiner: The Kingslayer of Bosworth Field, reflects the culmination of a lifetime of work. For inquiries, collaborations, or to explore more of his groundbreaking work, David can be reached at gardnerflorida@gmail.com or via his blog at Wyllyam.KingslayersCourt.com, a digital haven for medieval history enthusiasts (TNA SP 1/14).